Understanding the fate of sanitation-related nutrients in a shallow sandy aquifer below an urban slum area
We hypothesized that wastewater leaching from on-site sanitation systems to alluvial aquifers underlying informal settlements (or slums) may end up contributing to high nutrient loads to surface water upon groundwater exfiltration. Hence, we conducted a hydro-geochemical study in a shallow sandy aqu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of contaminant hydrology 2014-08, Vol.164, p.259-274 |
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| creator | Nyenje, P.M. Havik, J.C.N. Foppen, J.W. Muwanga, A. Kulabako, R. |
| description | We hypothesized that wastewater leaching from on-site sanitation systems to alluvial aquifers underlying informal settlements (or slums) may end up contributing to high nutrient loads to surface water upon groundwater exfiltration. Hence, we conducted a hydro-geochemical study in a shallow sandy aquifer in Bwaise III parish, an urban slum area in Kampala, Uganda, to assess the geochemical processes controlling the transport and fate of dissolved nutrients (NO3, NH4 and PO4) released from on-site sanitation systems to groundwater. Groundwater was collected from 26 observation wells. The samples were analyzed for major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cl and SO4) and nutrients (o-PO4, NO3 and NH4). Data was also collected on soil characteristics, aquifer conductivity and hydraulic heads. Geochemical modeling using PHREEQC was used to determine the level of o-PO4 control by mineral solubility and sorption. Groundwater below the slum area was anoxic and had near neutral pH values, high values of EC (average of 1619μS/cm) and high concentrations of Cl (3.2mmol/L), HCO3 (11mmol/L) and nutrients indicating the influence from wastewater leachates especially from pit latrines. Nutrients were predominantly present as NH4 (1–3mmol/L; average of 2.23mmol/L). The concentrations of NO3 and o-PO4 were, however, low: average of 0.2mmol/L and 6μmol/L respectively. We observed a contaminant plume along the direction of groundwater flow (NE–SW) characterized by decreasing values of EC and Cl, and distinct redox zones. The redox zones transited from NO3-reducing in upper flow areas to Fe-reducing in the lower flow areas. Consequently, the concentrations of NO3 decreased downgradient of the flow path due to denitrification. Ammonium leached directly into the alluvial aquifer was also partially removed because the measured concentrations were less than the potential input from pit latrines (3.2mmol/L). We attributed this removal (about 30%) to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) given that the cation exchange capacity of the aquifer was low ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.011 |
| format | Article |
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•The fate of nutrients in an alluvial sandy aquifer in a slum area was investigated.•We observed a pit latrine-derived contaminant plume along the groundwater flow path.•Orthophosphate was greatly retarded by adsorption and co-precipitation of calcite.•Nitrogen species were removed by denitrification and anaerobic oxidation.•The shallow alluvial aquifer was a good sink of sanitation-related nutrients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0169-7722</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-6009</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.011</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25016588</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JCOHE6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Adsorption ; Aquifers ; Calcite ; Earth sciences ; Earth, ocean, space ; Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Exact sciences and technology ; Groundwater ; Groundwater - chemistry ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrology. Hydrogeology ; Iron ; Latrines ; Nitrogen - analysis ; Nitrogen - chemistry ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus - analysis ; Phosphorus - chemistry ; Poverty Areas ; Sanitation systems ; Shallow groundwater ; Slums ; Toilet Facilities ; Transport ; Uganda ; Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods ; Waste water ; Waste Water - chemistry ; Waste Water - statistics & numerical data ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</subject><ispartof>Journal of contaminant hydrology, 2014-08, Vol.164, p.259-274</ispartof><rights>2014 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a550t-bc06c0d2c7115ab8223fa9b8a691fe95687e48c0b1d776a3088c752eb6b6979d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a550t-bc06c0d2c7115ab8223fa9b8a691fe95687e48c0b1d776a3088c752eb6b6979d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3163-9697</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169772214000941$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28680645$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25016588$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Nyenje, P.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Havik, J.C.N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Foppen, J.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muwanga, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kulabako, R.</creatorcontrib><title>Understanding the fate of sanitation-related nutrients in a shallow sandy aquifer below an urban slum area</title><title>Journal of contaminant hydrology</title><addtitle>J Contam Hydrol</addtitle><description>We hypothesized that wastewater leaching from on-site sanitation systems to alluvial aquifers underlying informal settlements (or slums) may end up contributing to high nutrient loads to surface water upon groundwater exfiltration. Hence, we conducted a hydro-geochemical study in a shallow sandy aquifer in Bwaise III parish, an urban slum area in Kampala, Uganda, to assess the geochemical processes controlling the transport and fate of dissolved nutrients (NO3, NH4 and PO4) released from on-site sanitation systems to groundwater. Groundwater was collected from 26 observation wells. The samples were analyzed for major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cl and SO4) and nutrients (o-PO4, NO3 and NH4). Data was also collected on soil characteristics, aquifer conductivity and hydraulic heads. Geochemical modeling using PHREEQC was used to determine the level of o-PO4 control by mineral solubility and sorption. Groundwater below the slum area was anoxic and had near neutral pH values, high values of EC (average of 1619μS/cm) and high concentrations of Cl (3.2mmol/L), HCO3 (11mmol/L) and nutrients indicating the influence from wastewater leachates especially from pit latrines. Nutrients were predominantly present as NH4 (1–3mmol/L; average of 2.23mmol/L). The concentrations of NO3 and o-PO4 were, however, low: average of 0.2mmol/L and 6μmol/L respectively. We observed a contaminant plume along the direction of groundwater flow (NE–SW) characterized by decreasing values of EC and Cl, and distinct redox zones. The redox zones transited from NO3-reducing in upper flow areas to Fe-reducing in the lower flow areas. Consequently, the concentrations of NO3 decreased downgradient of the flow path due to denitrification. Ammonium leached directly into the alluvial aquifer was also partially removed because the measured concentrations were less than the potential input from pit latrines (3.2mmol/L). We attributed this removal (about 30%) to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) given that the cation exchange capacity of the aquifer was low (<6meq/100g) to effectively adsorb NH4. Phosphate transport was, on the other hand, greatly retarded and our results showed that this was due to the adsorption of P to calcite and the co-precipitation of P with calcite and rhodochrosite. Our findings suggest that shallow alluvial sandy aquifers underlying urban slum areas are an important sink of excessive nutrients leaching from on-site sanitation systems.
•The fate of nutrients in an alluvial sandy aquifer in a slum area was investigated.•We observed a pit latrine-derived contaminant plume along the groundwater flow path.•Orthophosphate was greatly retarded by adsorption and co-precipitation of calcite.•Nitrogen species were removed by denitrification and anaerobic oxidation.•The shallow alluvial aquifer was a good sink of sanitation-related nutrients.</description><subject>Adsorption</subject><subject>Aquifers</subject><subject>Calcite</subject><subject>Earth sciences</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Eutrophication</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater - chemistry</subject><subject>Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Hydrology. Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Latrines</subject><subject>Nitrogen - analysis</subject><subject>Nitrogen - chemistry</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Phosphorus - analysis</subject><subject>Phosphorus - chemistry</subject><subject>Poverty Areas</subject><subject>Sanitation systems</subject><subject>Shallow groundwater</subject><subject>Slums</subject><subject>Toilet Facilities</subject><subject>Transport</subject><subject>Uganda</subject><subject>Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods</subject><subject>Waste water</subject><subject>Waste Water - chemistry</subject><subject>Waste Water - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</subject><issn>0169-7722</issn><issn>1873-6009</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0U1v1DAQBuAIgei28BNAviBxyTJ24o-cEKqgIFXiQs_WxJ6wjrJOaydU--_xahc4lostjZ_xWH6r6g2HLQeuPozb0c1xd_BbAbzdgtoC58-qDTe6qRVA97zaFNfVWgtxUV3mPAKANmBeVhdCliNpzKYa76KnlBeMPsSfbNkRG3AhNg8sYwwLLmGOdaKpFD2L65ICxSWzEBmyvMNpmh-P0h8YPqxhoMR6OtYwsjX1Zc3TumeYCF9VLwacMr0-71fV3ZfPP66_1rffb75df7qtUUpY6t6BcuCF05xL7I0QzYBdb1B1fKBOKqOpNQ567rVW2IAxTktBvepVpzvfXFXvT_fep_lhpbzYfciOpgkjzWu2XLWiAdF15j-o0J1WSrVPUyk5CKUlL1SeqEtzzokGe5_CHtPBcrDH8Oxoz-HZY3gWlC3hlb635xFrvyf_t-tPWgW8OwPMDqchYXQh_3NGGVCtLO7jyVH55l-Bks2uxObIh0RusX4OTzzlNwjEunI</recordid><startdate>20140801</startdate><enddate>20140801</enddate><creator>Nyenje, P.M.</creator><creator>Havik, J.C.N.</creator><creator>Foppen, J.W.</creator><creator>Muwanga, A.</creator><creator>Kulabako, R.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-9697</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20140801</creationdate><title>Understanding the fate of sanitation-related nutrients in a shallow sandy aquifer below an urban slum area</title><author>Nyenje, P.M. ; Havik, J.C.N. ; Foppen, J.W. ; Muwanga, A. ; Kulabako, R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a550t-bc06c0d2c7115ab8223fa9b8a691fe95687e48c0b1d776a3088c752eb6b6979d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Adsorption</topic><topic>Aquifers</topic><topic>Calcite</topic><topic>Earth sciences</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Eutrophication</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater - chemistry</topic><topic>Hydrogeology</topic><topic>Hydrology. Hydrogeology</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Latrines</topic><topic>Nitrogen - analysis</topic><topic>Nitrogen - chemistry</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Phosphorus - analysis</topic><topic>Phosphorus - chemistry</topic><topic>Poverty Areas</topic><topic>Sanitation systems</topic><topic>Shallow groundwater</topic><topic>Slums</topic><topic>Toilet Facilities</topic><topic>Transport</topic><topic>Uganda</topic><topic>Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods</topic><topic>Waste water</topic><topic>Waste Water - chemistry</topic><topic>Waste Water - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Nyenje, P.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Havik, J.C.N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Foppen, J.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muwanga, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kulabako, R.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of contaminant hydrology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nyenje, P.M.</au><au>Havik, J.C.N.</au><au>Foppen, J.W.</au><au>Muwanga, A.</au><au>Kulabako, R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Understanding the fate of sanitation-related nutrients in a shallow sandy aquifer below an urban slum area</atitle><jtitle>Journal of contaminant hydrology</jtitle><addtitle>J Contam Hydrol</addtitle><date>2014-08-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>164</volume><spage>259</spage><epage>274</epage><pages>259-274</pages><issn>0169-7722</issn><eissn>1873-6009</eissn><coden>JCOHE6</coden><abstract>We hypothesized that wastewater leaching from on-site sanitation systems to alluvial aquifers underlying informal settlements (or slums) may end up contributing to high nutrient loads to surface water upon groundwater exfiltration. Hence, we conducted a hydro-geochemical study in a shallow sandy aquifer in Bwaise III parish, an urban slum area in Kampala, Uganda, to assess the geochemical processes controlling the transport and fate of dissolved nutrients (NO3, NH4 and PO4) released from on-site sanitation systems to groundwater. Groundwater was collected from 26 observation wells. The samples were analyzed for major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cl and SO4) and nutrients (o-PO4, NO3 and NH4). Data was also collected on soil characteristics, aquifer conductivity and hydraulic heads. Geochemical modeling using PHREEQC was used to determine the level of o-PO4 control by mineral solubility and sorption. Groundwater below the slum area was anoxic and had near neutral pH values, high values of EC (average of 1619μS/cm) and high concentrations of Cl (3.2mmol/L), HCO3 (11mmol/L) and nutrients indicating the influence from wastewater leachates especially from pit latrines. Nutrients were predominantly present as NH4 (1–3mmol/L; average of 2.23mmol/L). The concentrations of NO3 and o-PO4 were, however, low: average of 0.2mmol/L and 6μmol/L respectively. We observed a contaminant plume along the direction of groundwater flow (NE–SW) characterized by decreasing values of EC and Cl, and distinct redox zones. The redox zones transited from NO3-reducing in upper flow areas to Fe-reducing in the lower flow areas. Consequently, the concentrations of NO3 decreased downgradient of the flow path due to denitrification. Ammonium leached directly into the alluvial aquifer was also partially removed because the measured concentrations were less than the potential input from pit latrines (3.2mmol/L). We attributed this removal (about 30%) to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) given that the cation exchange capacity of the aquifer was low (<6meq/100g) to effectively adsorb NH4. Phosphate transport was, on the other hand, greatly retarded and our results showed that this was due to the adsorption of P to calcite and the co-precipitation of P with calcite and rhodochrosite. Our findings suggest that shallow alluvial sandy aquifers underlying urban slum areas are an important sink of excessive nutrients leaching from on-site sanitation systems.
•The fate of nutrients in an alluvial sandy aquifer in a slum area was investigated.•We observed a pit latrine-derived contaminant plume along the groundwater flow path.•Orthophosphate was greatly retarded by adsorption and co-precipitation of calcite.•Nitrogen species were removed by denitrification and anaerobic oxidation.•The shallow alluvial aquifer was a good sink of sanitation-related nutrients.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>25016588</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.011</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-9697</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of contaminant hydrology, 2014-08, Vol.164, p.259-274 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Adsorption Aquifers Calcite Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Environmental Monitoring Eutrophication Exact sciences and technology Groundwater Groundwater - chemistry Hydrogeology Hydrology. Hydrogeology Iron Latrines Nitrogen - analysis Nitrogen - chemistry Nutrients Phosphorus - analysis Phosphorus - chemistry Poverty Areas Sanitation systems Shallow groundwater Slums Toilet Facilities Transport Uganda Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods Waste water Waste Water - chemistry Waste Water - statistics & numerical data Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry |
| title | Understanding the fate of sanitation-related nutrients in a shallow sandy aquifer below an urban slum area |
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