The structural basis for enhancer‐dependent assembly and activation of the AAA transcriptional activator NorR

Summary σ54‐dependent transcription controls a wide range of stress‐related genes in bacteria and is tightly regulated. In contrast to σ70, the σ54‐RNA polymerase holoenzyme forms a stable closed complex at the promoter site that rarely isomerises into transcriptionally competent open complexes. The conversion into open complexes requires the ATPase activity of activator proteins that bind remotely upstream of the transcriptional start site. These activators belong to the large AAA protein family and the majority of them consist of an N‐terminal regulatory domain, a central AAA domain and a C‐terminal DNA binding domain. Here we use a functional variant of the NorR activator, a dedicated NO sensor, to provide the first structural and functional characterisation of a full length AAA activator in complex with its enhancer DNA. Our data suggest an inter‐dependent and synergistic relationship of all three functional domains and provide an explanation for the dependence of NorR on enhancer DNA. Our results show that NorR readily assembles into higher order oligomers upon enhancer binding, independent of activating signals. Upon inducing signals, the N‐terminal regulatory domain relocates to the periphery of the AAA ring. Together our data provide an assembly and activation mechanism for NorR.