Three‐Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Talar Morphology in Extant Gorilla Taxa from Highland and Lowland Habitats
ABSTRACT Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are known to climb significantly more often than eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei), a behavioral distinction attributable to major differences in their respective habitats (i.e., highland vs. lowland). Genetic evidence suggests that the lineages leading...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) N.J. : 2007), 2015-01, Vol.298 (1), p.277-290 |
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Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are known to climb significantly more often than eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei), a behavioral distinction attributable to major differences in their respective habitats (i.e., highland vs. lowland). Genetic evidence suggests that the lineages leading to these taxa began diverging from one another between approximately 1 and 3 million years ago. Thus, gorillas offer a special opportunity to examine the degree to which morphology of recently diverged taxa may be “fine‐tuned” to differing ecological requirements. Using three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics, we compared talar morphology in a sample of 87 specimens including western (lowland), mountain (highland), and grauer gorillas (lowland and highland populations). Talar shape was captured with a series of landmarks and semilandmarks superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis. A between‐group principal components analysis of overall talar shape separates gorillas by ecological habitat and by taxon. An analysis of only the trochlea and lateral malleolar facet identifies subtle variations in trochlear shape between western lowland and lowland grauer gorillas, potentially indicative of convergent evolution of arboreal adaptations in the talus. Lastly, talar shape scales differently with centroid size for highland and lowland gorillas, suggesting that ankle morphology may track body‐size mediated variation in arboreal behaviors differently depending on ecological setting. Several of the observed shape differences are linked biomechanically to the facilitation of climbing in lowland gorillas and to stability and load‐bearing on terrestrial substrates in the highland taxa, providing an important comparative model for studying morphological variation in groups known only from fossils (e.g., early hominins). Anat Rec, 298:277–290, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are known to climb significantly more often than eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei), a behavioral distinction attributable to major differences in their respective habitats (i.e., highland vs. lowland). Genetic evidence suggests that the lineages leading to these taxa began diverging from one another between approximately 1 and 3 million years ago. Thus, gorillas offer a special opportunity to examine the degree to which morphology of recently diverged taxa may be “fine‐tuned” to differing ecological requirements. Using three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics, we compared talar morphology in a sample of 87 specimens including western (lowland), mountain (highland), and grauer gorillas (lowland and highland populations). Talar shape was captured with a series of landmarks and semilandmarks superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis. A between‐group principal components analysis of overall talar shape separates gorillas by ecological habitat and by taxon. An analysis of only the trochlea and lateral malleolar facet identifies subtle variations in trochlear shape between western lowland and lowland grauer gorillas, potentially indicative of convergent evolution of arboreal adaptations in the talus. Lastly, talar shape scales differently with centroid size for highland and lowland gorillas, suggesting that ankle morphology may track body‐size mediated variation in arboreal behaviors differently depending on ecological setting. Several of the observed shape differences are linked biomechanically to the facilitation of climbing in lowland gorillas and to stability and load‐bearing on terrestrial substrates in the highland taxa, providing an important comparative model for studying morphological variation in groups known only from fossils (e.g., early hominins). Anat Rec, 298:277–290, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-8486</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-8494</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ar.23069</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25338937</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Adaptation, Biological - physiology ; Animals ; arboreality ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology ; Classification ; Ecosystem ; Female ; foot ; Geography ; Gorilla gorilla - anatomy & histology ; Gorilla gorilla - classification ; Gorilla gorilla - physiology ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Mathematics ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phylogeny ; talus ; Talus - anatomy & histology ; tarsals ; terrestriality ; Weight-Bearing - physiology</subject><ispartof>Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007), 2015-01, Vol.298 (1), p.277-290</ispartof><rights>2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3839-4580b1aa6b08573c269fba39638e5f2d53abebdab61e819dbf4471f94e0b24c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3839-4580b1aa6b08573c269fba39638e5f2d53abebdab61e819dbf4471f94e0b24c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Far.23069$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Far.23069$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338937$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Knigge, Ryan P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tocheri, Matthew W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orr, Caley M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mcnulty, Kieran P.</creatorcontrib><title>Three‐Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Talar Morphology in Extant Gorilla Taxa from Highland and Lowland Habitats</title><title>Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)</title><addtitle>Anat Rec (Hoboken)</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are known to climb significantly more often than eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei), a behavioral distinction attributable to major differences in their respective habitats (i.e., highland vs. lowland). Genetic evidence suggests that the lineages leading to these taxa began diverging from one another between approximately 1 and 3 million years ago. Thus, gorillas offer a special opportunity to examine the degree to which morphology of recently diverged taxa may be “fine‐tuned” to differing ecological requirements. Using three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics, we compared talar morphology in a sample of 87 specimens including western (lowland), mountain (highland), and grauer gorillas (lowland and highland populations). Talar shape was captured with a series of landmarks and semilandmarks superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis. A between‐group principal components analysis of overall talar shape separates gorillas by ecological habitat and by taxon. An analysis of only the trochlea and lateral malleolar facet identifies subtle variations in trochlear shape between western lowland and lowland grauer gorillas, potentially indicative of convergent evolution of arboreal adaptations in the talus. Lastly, talar shape scales differently with centroid size for highland and lowland gorillas, suggesting that ankle morphology may track body‐size mediated variation in arboreal behaviors differently depending on ecological setting. Several of the observed shape differences are linked biomechanically to the facilitation of climbing in lowland gorillas and to stability and load‐bearing on terrestrial substrates in the highland taxa, providing an important comparative model for studying morphological variation in groups known only from fossils (e.g., early hominins). Anat Rec, 298:277–290, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</description><subject>Adaptation, Biological - physiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>arboreality</subject><subject>Biological Evolution</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology</subject><subject>Classification</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>foot</subject><subject>Geography</subject><subject>Gorilla gorilla - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Gorilla gorilla - classification</subject><subject>Gorilla gorilla - physiology</subject><subject>Imaging, Three-Dimensional</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mathematics</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>talus</subject><subject>Talus - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>tarsals</subject><subject>terrestriality</subject><subject>Weight-Bearing - physiology</subject><issn>1932-8486</issn><issn>1932-8494</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kd1KwzAUx4MofkzBJ5CAN950Jk3TJpdjzk2YCLL7ctKmW6RtZtKhu9M38Bl9ErtPQfDicE44P36c8EfokpIuJSS8BdcNGYnlATqlkoWBiGR0uJ9FfILOvH8hhEdEsmN0EnLGhGTJKfqczJzW3x9fd6bStTe2hhIPta1040yGH62bz3aPXrtbeuOxLfAESnDbdWmnS2xqPHhvoG7w0DpTltAi74ALZys8MtNZCXWOVzW2b-t5BMo00PhzdFRA6fXFtnfQ5H4w6Y-C8dPwod8bBxkTTAYRF0RRgFgRwROWhbEsFDAZM6F5EeacgdIqBxVTLajMVRFFCS1kpIkKo4x10M1GO3f2daF9k1bGZ7o9tNZ24VMaMymTRHDeotd_0Be7cO3n15QQrTjkv8LMWe-dLtK5MxW4ZUpJukolBZeuU2nRq61woSqd78FdDC0QbIA3U-rlv6K097wR_gBroZdT</recordid><startdate>201501</startdate><enddate>201501</enddate><creator>Knigge, Ryan P.</creator><creator>Tocheri, Matthew W.</creator><creator>Orr, Caley M.</creator><creator>Mcnulty, Kieran P.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201501</creationdate><title>Three‐Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Talar Morphology in Extant Gorilla Taxa from Highland and Lowland Habitats</title><author>Knigge, Ryan P. ; Tocheri, Matthew W. ; Orr, Caley M. ; Mcnulty, Kieran P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3839-4580b1aa6b08573c269fba39638e5f2d53abebdab61e819dbf4471f94e0b24c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adaptation, Biological - physiology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>arboreality</topic><topic>Biological Evolution</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology</topic><topic>Classification</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>foot</topic><topic>Geography</topic><topic>Gorilla gorilla - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Gorilla gorilla - classification</topic><topic>Gorilla gorilla - physiology</topic><topic>Imaging, Three-Dimensional</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mathematics</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>talus</topic><topic>Talus - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>tarsals</topic><topic>terrestriality</topic><topic>Weight-Bearing - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Knigge, Ryan P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tocheri, Matthew W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orr, Caley M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mcnulty, Kieran P.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Knigge, Ryan P.</au><au>Tocheri, Matthew W.</au><au>Orr, Caley M.</au><au>Mcnulty, Kieran P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Three‐Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Talar Morphology in Extant Gorilla Taxa from Highland and Lowland Habitats</atitle><jtitle>Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)</jtitle><addtitle>Anat Rec (Hoboken)</addtitle><date>2015-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>298</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>277</spage><epage>290</epage><pages>277-290</pages><issn>1932-8486</issn><eissn>1932-8494</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are known to climb significantly more often than eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei), a behavioral distinction attributable to major differences in their respective habitats (i.e., highland vs. lowland). Genetic evidence suggests that the lineages leading to these taxa began diverging from one another between approximately 1 and 3 million years ago. Thus, gorillas offer a special opportunity to examine the degree to which morphology of recently diverged taxa may be “fine‐tuned” to differing ecological requirements. Using three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics, we compared talar morphology in a sample of 87 specimens including western (lowland), mountain (highland), and grauer gorillas (lowland and highland populations). Talar shape was captured with a series of landmarks and semilandmarks superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis. A between‐group principal components analysis of overall talar shape separates gorillas by ecological habitat and by taxon. An analysis of only the trochlea and lateral malleolar facet identifies subtle variations in trochlear shape between western lowland and lowland grauer gorillas, potentially indicative of convergent evolution of arboreal adaptations in the talus. Lastly, talar shape scales differently with centroid size for highland and lowland gorillas, suggesting that ankle morphology may track body‐size mediated variation in arboreal behaviors differently depending on ecological setting. Several of the observed shape differences are linked biomechanically to the facilitation of climbing in lowland gorillas and to stability and load‐bearing on terrestrial substrates in the highland taxa, providing an important comparative model for studying morphological variation in groups known only from fossils (e.g., early hominins). Anat Rec, 298:277–290, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>25338937</pmid><doi>10.1002/ar.23069</doi><tpages>14</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adaptation, Biological - physiology Animals arboreality Biological Evolution Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology Classification Ecosystem Female foot Geography Gorilla gorilla - anatomy & histology Gorilla gorilla - classification Gorilla gorilla - physiology Imaging, Three-Dimensional Male Mathematics Multivariate Analysis Phylogeny talus Talus - anatomy & histology tarsals terrestriality Weight-Bearing - physiology |
title | Three‐Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Talar Morphology in Extant Gorilla Taxa from Highland and Lowland Habitats |
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