Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction
Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Conservation biology 2014-12, Vol.28 (6), p.1721-1730 |
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| creator | KELLY, TERRA R GRANTHAM, JESSE GEORGE, DANIEL WELCH, ALACIA BRANDT, JOSEPH BURNETT, L. JOSEPH SORENSON, KELLY J JOHNSON, MATTHEW POPPENGA, ROBERT MOEN, DAVID RASICO, JAMES RIVERS, JAMES W BATTISTONE, CARIE JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K |
| description | Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/cobi.12342 |
| format | Article |
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JOSEPH ; SORENSON, KELLY J ; JOHNSON, MATTHEW ; POPPENGA, ROBERT ; MOEN, DAVID ; RASICO, JAMES ; RIVERS, JAMES W ; BATTISTONE, CARIE ; JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</creator><creatorcontrib>KELLY, TERRA R ; GRANTHAM, JESSE ; GEORGE, DANIEL ; WELCH, ALACIA ; BRANDT, JOSEPH ; BURNETT, L. JOSEPH ; SORENSON, KELLY J ; JOHNSON, MATTHEW ; POPPENGA, ROBERT ; MOEN, DAVID ; RASICO, JAMES ; RIVERS, JAMES W ; BATTISTONE, CARIE ; JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</creatorcontrib><description>Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0888-8892</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1523-1739</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12342</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25040286</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CBIOEF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Scientific Publications</publisher><subject>Ammunition ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Applied ecology ; Aves ; Biological and medical sciences ; Birds ; blood ; Buitre ; California ; carroñero ; Conservation biology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife ; Contributed Papers ; dietary supplements ; ecotoxicology ; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution ; ecotoxicología ; Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates ; Endangered & extinct species ; Endangered Species ; enfermedad de vida silvestre ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants - toxicity ; epidemiology ; epidemiología ; Falconiformes - metabolism ; Food ; Food security ; forage ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gymnogyps californianus ; lead ; Lead - toxicity ; Lead poisoning ; Longitudinal Studies ; Mountain peaks ; Ornithology ; Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking ; Risk Factors ; scavenger ; Species reintroduction ; vulture ; Wildlife conservation ; wildlife disease ; Wildlife refuges</subject><ispartof>Conservation biology, 2014-12, Vol.28 (6), p.1721-1730</ispartof><rights>2014 Society for Conservation Biology</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2014 Society for Conservation Biology.</rights><rights>2014, Society for Conservation Biology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5732-10d79a442147d3b700999c3cfa588812d6d6a1b08f7156812d11df0711d24b593</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5732-10d79a442147d3b700999c3cfa588812d6d6a1b08f7156812d11df0711d24b593</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24482135$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/24482135$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,803,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575,58017,58250</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28943307$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25040286$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>KELLY, TERRA R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GRANTHAM, JESSE</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GEORGE, DANIEL</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>WELCH, ALACIA</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BRANDT, JOSEPH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BURNETT, L. JOSEPH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SORENSON, KELLY J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JOHNSON, MATTHEW</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>POPPENGA, ROBERT</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MOEN, DAVID</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RASICO, JAMES</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RIVERS, JAMES W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BATTISTONE, CARIE</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</creatorcontrib><title>Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction</title><title>Conservation biology</title><addtitle>Conservation Biology</addtitle><description>Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats.</description><subject>Ammunition</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>Aves</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Birds</subject><subject>blood</subject><subject>Buitre</subject><subject>California</subject><subject>carroñero</subject><subject>Conservation biology</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife</subject><subject>Contributed Papers</subject><subject>dietary supplements</subject><subject>ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</subject><subject>ecotoxicología</subject><subject>Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Endangered Species</subject><subject>enfermedad de vida silvestre</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental Pollutants - toxicity</subject><subject>epidemiology</subject><subject>epidemiología</subject><subject>Falconiformes - metabolism</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food security</subject><subject>forage</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gymnogyps californianus</subject><subject>lead</subject><subject>Lead - toxicity</subject><subject>Lead poisoning</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Mountain peaks</subject><subject>Ornithology</subject><subject>Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>scavenger</subject><subject>Species reintroduction</subject><subject>vulture</subject><subject>Wildlife conservation</subject><subject>wildlife disease</subject><subject>Wildlife refuges</subject><issn>0888-8892</issn><issn>1523-1739</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUFvEzEQhVcIREPhwh2whJAQUorHXq93jxAloVLUopQKcbIma2_kdGOn9q5oD_x3nG7aShzwwZY938yb8cuy10BPIK3PtV_ZE2A8Z0-yEQjGxyB59TQb0bIsx2VZsaPsRYwbSmklIH-eHTFBc8rKYpT9udhhZ31ntjsfsCXfsetMcJGg02Rp4xWZYd35EEnjA1kY1GR6s_OxD4ZYR6ZOo1ubYDSZYGsT4yySiXd6n6L7YN2agCC_DKa7b8jSWNcFr_s6qbqX2bMG22heHc7j7HI2_TH5Nl6cz08nXxbjWkjOxkC1rDDPGeRS85VMc1RVzesGRZoQmC50gbCiZSNBFPsHAN1QmXaWr0TFj7OPQ91d8Ne9iZ3a2libtkVnfB8VFFxQJqQsE_r-H3Tj--BSd4lijAOjVCbq00DVwccYTKN2wW4x3Cqgam-K2pui7kxJ8NtDyX61NfoBvXchAR8OAMYa2yagq2185Moq5_xOFQbut23N7X8k1eT86-m9-JshZxOTjY8187xkwEWKj4e4jZ25eYhjuFKF5FKon2dzVc0KWM7PuNr_z7uBb9ArXIfU5-UFoyAohYoVaZq_aqrEBw</recordid><startdate>201412</startdate><enddate>201412</enddate><creator>KELLY, TERRA R</creator><creator>GRANTHAM, JESSE</creator><creator>GEORGE, DANIEL</creator><creator>WELCH, ALACIA</creator><creator>BRANDT, JOSEPH</creator><creator>BURNETT, L. JOSEPH</creator><creator>SORENSON, KELLY J</creator><creator>JOHNSON, MATTHEW</creator><creator>POPPENGA, ROBERT</creator><creator>MOEN, DAVID</creator><creator>RASICO, JAMES</creator><creator>RIVERS, JAMES W</creator><creator>BATTISTONE, CARIE</creator><creator>JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</creator><general>Blackwell Scientific Publications</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Periodicals Inc</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201412</creationdate><title>Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction</title><author>KELLY, TERRA R ; GRANTHAM, JESSE ; GEORGE, DANIEL ; WELCH, ALACIA ; BRANDT, JOSEPH ; BURNETT, L. JOSEPH ; SORENSON, KELLY J ; JOHNSON, MATTHEW ; POPPENGA, ROBERT ; MOEN, DAVID ; RASICO, JAMES ; RIVERS, JAMES W ; BATTISTONE, CARIE ; JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5732-10d79a442147d3b700999c3cfa588812d6d6a1b08f7156812d11df0711d24b593</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Ammunition</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Applied ecology</topic><topic>Aves</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Birds</topic><topic>blood</topic><topic>Buitre</topic><topic>California</topic><topic>carroñero</topic><topic>Conservation biology</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources</topic><topic>Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife</topic><topic>Contributed Papers</topic><topic>dietary supplements</topic><topic>ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</topic><topic>ecotoxicología</topic><topic>Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates</topic><topic>Endangered & extinct species</topic><topic>Endangered Species</topic><topic>enfermedad de vida silvestre</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental Pollutants - toxicity</topic><topic>epidemiology</topic><topic>epidemiología</topic><topic>Falconiformes - metabolism</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Food security</topic><topic>forage</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gymnogyps californianus</topic><topic>lead</topic><topic>Lead - toxicity</topic><topic>Lead poisoning</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Mountain peaks</topic><topic>Ornithology</topic><topic>Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>scavenger</topic><topic>Species reintroduction</topic><topic>vulture</topic><topic>Wildlife conservation</topic><topic>wildlife disease</topic><topic>Wildlife refuges</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>KELLY, TERRA R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GRANTHAM, JESSE</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GEORGE, DANIEL</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>WELCH, ALACIA</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BRANDT, JOSEPH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BURNETT, L. JOSEPH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SORENSON, KELLY J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JOHNSON, MATTHEW</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>POPPENGA, ROBERT</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MOEN, DAVID</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RASICO, JAMES</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RIVERS, JAMES W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BATTISTONE, CARIE</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><jtitle>Conservation biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>KELLY, TERRA R</au><au>GRANTHAM, JESSE</au><au>GEORGE, DANIEL</au><au>WELCH, ALACIA</au><au>BRANDT, JOSEPH</au><au>BURNETT, L. JOSEPH</au><au>SORENSON, KELLY J</au><au>JOHNSON, MATTHEW</au><au>POPPENGA, ROBERT</au><au>MOEN, DAVID</au><au>RASICO, JAMES</au><au>RIVERS, JAMES W</au><au>BATTISTONE, CARIE</au><au>JOHNSON, CHRISTINE K</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction</atitle><jtitle>Conservation biology</jtitle><addtitle>Conservation Biology</addtitle><date>2014-12</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1721</spage><epage>1730</epage><pages>1721-1730</pages><issn>0888-8892</issn><eissn>1523-1739</eissn><coden>CBIOEF</coden><abstract>Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats.</abstract><cop>Hoboken, NJ</cop><pub>Blackwell Scientific Publications</pub><pmid>25040286</pmid><doi>10.1111/cobi.12342</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0888-8892 |
| ispartof | Conservation biology, 2014-12, Vol.28 (6), p.1721-1730 |
| issn | 0888-8892 1523-1739 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1635025778 |
| source | MEDLINE; JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing; Wiley Online Library All Journals |
| subjects | Ammunition Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Applied ecology Aves Biological and medical sciences Birds blood Buitre California carroñero Conservation biology Conservation of Natural Resources Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Contributed Papers dietary supplements ecotoxicology Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution ecotoxicología Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates Endangered & extinct species Endangered Species enfermedad de vida silvestre Environmental Exposure Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants - toxicity epidemiology epidemiología Falconiformes - metabolism Food Food security forage Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gymnogyps californianus lead Lead - toxicity Lead poisoning Longitudinal Studies Mountain peaks Ornithology Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking Risk Factors scavenger Species reintroduction vulture Wildlife conservation wildlife disease Wildlife refuges |
| title | Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction |
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