Enantiomers of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane as Tracers of Air−Water Gas Exchange in Lake Ontario
The technique of chiral phase capillary gas chromatography was applied to investigate the degradation and transport of the persistent chiral pesticide α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) in the Lake Ontario environment. Chiral analysis gave the enantiomeric ratios (ERs) of α-HCH in samples taken May−Oct...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 1997-07, Vol.31 (7), p.1940-1945 |
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| container_issue | 7 |
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| container_title | Environmental science & technology |
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| creator | Ridal, Jeffrey J Bidleman, Terry F Kerman, Bryan R Fox, Michael E Strachan, William M. J |
| description | The technique of chiral phase capillary gas chromatography was applied to investigate the degradation and transport of the persistent chiral pesticide α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) in the Lake Ontario environment. Chiral analysis gave the enantiomeric ratios (ERs) of α-HCH in samples taken May−October 1993 from the lake and its atmosphere. ERs of (+)α-HCH/(−)α-HCH for Lake Ontario surface and deep water samples were similar and averaged 0.85 ± 0.02 as compared with a value of 1.00 for the α-HCH standard. Higher ERs were observed in water samples from the Niagara River (0.91 ± 0.02) and from precipitation (1.00 ± 0.01). Air samples of α-HCH measured at 10 m above the lake show a seasonal variability with values near 1.00 in spring and fall and minimum values in individual samples near 0.90 in summer. A simple air−water gas transfer model demonstrates that enantiomeric ratios |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/es9607244 |
| format | Article |
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J</creator><creatorcontrib>Ridal, Jeffrey J ; Bidleman, Terry F ; Kerman, Bryan R ; Fox, Michael E ; Strachan, William M. J</creatorcontrib><description>The technique of chiral phase capillary gas chromatography was applied to investigate the degradation and transport of the persistent chiral pesticide α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) in the Lake Ontario environment. Chiral analysis gave the enantiomeric ratios (ERs) of α-HCH in samples taken May−October 1993 from the lake and its atmosphere. ERs of (+)α-HCH/(−)α-HCH for Lake Ontario surface and deep water samples were similar and averaged 0.85 ± 0.02 as compared with a value of 1.00 for the α-HCH standard. Higher ERs were observed in water samples from the Niagara River (0.91 ± 0.02) and from precipitation (1.00 ± 0.01). Air samples of α-HCH measured at 10 m above the lake show a seasonal variability with values near 1.00 in spring and fall and minimum values in individual samples near 0.90 in summer. A simple air−water gas transfer model demonstrates that enantiomeric ratios <1.0 in air are derived from equilibration of the air with the water during transport of the air mass over the lake. Based on the measured ERs, it is calculated that as much as 60% of the α-HCH in air above Lake Ontario was derived from the lake itself. These results strongly support the need for over-water air measurements to provide better estimates of air−water gas transfer fluxes of persistent organic pollutants.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/es9607244</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ESTHAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Easton: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>agrochemicals ; aquatic organisms ; environmental degradation ; Environmental monitoring ; Freshwater ; Gases ; Lakes ; Pesticides ; pollution ; waste management ; Water</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 1997-07, Vol.31 (7), p.1940-1945</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 1997 American Chemical Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Jul 1997</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a377t-895695d8d3aaa119a4fda79b5dc752753bc2617b56cdda63469dc7160b8446323</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a377t-895695d8d3aaa119a4fda79b5dc752753bc2617b56cdda63469dc7160b8446323</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es9607244$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es9607244$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,2765,27076,27924,27925,56738,56788</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ridal, Jeffrey J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bidleman, Terry F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kerman, Bryan R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fox, Michael E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strachan, William M. J</creatorcontrib><title>Enantiomers of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane as Tracers of Air−Water Gas Exchange in Lake Ontario</title><title>Environmental science & technology</title><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>The technique of chiral phase capillary gas chromatography was applied to investigate the degradation and transport of the persistent chiral pesticide α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) in the Lake Ontario environment. Chiral analysis gave the enantiomeric ratios (ERs) of α-HCH in samples taken May−October 1993 from the lake and its atmosphere. ERs of (+)α-HCH/(−)α-HCH for Lake Ontario surface and deep water samples were similar and averaged 0.85 ± 0.02 as compared with a value of 1.00 for the α-HCH standard. Higher ERs were observed in water samples from the Niagara River (0.91 ± 0.02) and from precipitation (1.00 ± 0.01). Air samples of α-HCH measured at 10 m above the lake show a seasonal variability with values near 1.00 in spring and fall and minimum values in individual samples near 0.90 in summer. A simple air−water gas transfer model demonstrates that enantiomeric ratios <1.0 in air are derived from equilibration of the air with the water during transport of the air mass over the lake. Based on the measured ERs, it is calculated that as much as 60% of the α-HCH in air above Lake Ontario was derived from the lake itself. These results strongly support the need for over-water air measurements to provide better estimates of air−water gas transfer fluxes of persistent organic pollutants.</description><subject>agrochemicals</subject><subject>aquatic organisms</subject><subject>environmental degradation</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Lakes</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>pollution</subject><subject>waste management</subject><subject>Water</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1997</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpl0U1KxDAYBuAgCo4_C09gERRcVPPTJO1SZXSUwREd0ZXhmzR1qp1mTDow3sC1N_EiHsKTGKko6CqE7yF5eT-ENgjeI5iSfeMzgSVNkgXUIZzimKecLKIOxoTFGRO3y2jF-weMMWU47aC7bg11U9qJcT6yRfT-FvfMHPS4ss7qZ13ZcbjWJgIfDR3ob3ZQuo-X1xtojItOwqg712Oo701U1lEfHk00qBtwpV1DSwVU3qx_n6vo-rg7POrF_cHJ6dFBPwYmZROnGRcZz9OcAQAhGSRFDjIb8VxLTiVnI00FkSMudJ6DYInIwoQIPEqTRDDKVtFO--7U2aeZ8Y2alF6bqgrR7cwrImjohYkAt_7ABztzdcimQiGEY8HSgHZbpJ313plCTV05AfesCFZfNaufmoONW1v6xsx_ILhHJSSTXA0vrtThJaf8_CxVLPjN1hdgFdy70qvrKxq2g2kqWCZlENutAO1_0_3_-ROgO5PN</recordid><startdate>19970701</startdate><enddate>19970701</enddate><creator>Ridal, Jeffrey J</creator><creator>Bidleman, Terry F</creator><creator>Kerman, Bryan R</creator><creator>Fox, Michael E</creator><creator>Strachan, William M. 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J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a377t-895695d8d3aaa119a4fda79b5dc752753bc2617b56cdda63469dc7160b8446323</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1997</creationdate><topic>agrochemicals</topic><topic>aquatic organisms</topic><topic>environmental degradation</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Freshwater</topic><topic>Gases</topic><topic>Lakes</topic><topic>Pesticides</topic><topic>pollution</topic><topic>waste management</topic><topic>Water</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ridal, Jeffrey J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bidleman, Terry F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kerman, Bryan R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fox, Michael E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strachan, William M. 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J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Enantiomers of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane as Tracers of Air−Water Gas Exchange in Lake Ontario</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>1997-07-01</date><risdate>1997</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1940</spage><epage>1945</epage><pages>1940-1945</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><coden>ESTHAG</coden><abstract>The technique of chiral phase capillary gas chromatography was applied to investigate the degradation and transport of the persistent chiral pesticide α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) in the Lake Ontario environment. Chiral analysis gave the enantiomeric ratios (ERs) of α-HCH in samples taken May−October 1993 from the lake and its atmosphere. ERs of (+)α-HCH/(−)α-HCH for Lake Ontario surface and deep water samples were similar and averaged 0.85 ± 0.02 as compared with a value of 1.00 for the α-HCH standard. Higher ERs were observed in water samples from the Niagara River (0.91 ± 0.02) and from precipitation (1.00 ± 0.01). Air samples of α-HCH measured at 10 m above the lake show a seasonal variability with values near 1.00 in spring and fall and minimum values in individual samples near 0.90 in summer. A simple air−water gas transfer model demonstrates that enantiomeric ratios <1.0 in air are derived from equilibration of the air with the water during transport of the air mass over the lake. Based on the measured ERs, it is calculated that as much as 60% of the α-HCH in air above Lake Ontario was derived from the lake itself. These results strongly support the need for over-water air measurements to provide better estimates of air−water gas transfer fluxes of persistent organic pollutants.</abstract><cop>Easton</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><doi>10.1021/es9607244</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | American Chemical Society Journals |
| subjects | agrochemicals aquatic organisms environmental degradation Environmental monitoring Freshwater Gases Lakes Pesticides pollution waste management Water |
| title | Enantiomers of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane as Tracers of Air−Water Gas Exchange in Lake Ontario |
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