Current Levels and Composition Profiles of Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants and Dehalogenated Products in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China
Occurrence of new toxic chemicals in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of concern for the environment and human health. Alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a group of potentially harmful organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey was...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2014-11, Vol.48 (21), p.12586-12594 |
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| creator | Zeng, Lixi Yang, Ruiqiang Zhang, Qinghua Zhang, Haidong Xiao, Ke Zhang, Haiyan Wang, Yawei Lam, Paul K.S Jiang, Guibin |
| description | Occurrence of new toxic chemicals in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of concern for the environment and human health. Alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a group of potentially harmful organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey was carried out to identify the occurrence of HFRs and their potential dehalogenated products in sewage sludge from 62 WWTPs in China. Of all 20 target chemicals analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1, 2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) were detected in all sludge samples, and the concentrations were in the range of 0.82–215, 0.09–65.8, and 0.10–2.26 ng g–1 d.w., respectively. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was found in 60 of 62 samples, and the concentration ranged from nd–298 ng g–1 with a mean of 18.9 ng g–1 d.w. The anti-DP fractional abundance f anti (0.79) in the samples was much higher than the commercial DP composition (f anti = 0.59), indicating a stereoselective degradation. Comparison with global sludge concentrations of HFRs indicate that China is at the medium pollution level in the world. Principal components analysis revealed that strong correlations existed between ln-transformed concentrations (natural logarithm) of the dominant BFRs and total organic carbon (TOC) as well as industrial wastewater proportion, influent volume and serving population. Significant linear relationships (R = 0.360–0.893, p < 0.01) were found among emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs), suggesting their common commercial applications and release sources to the environment. Two kinds of dehalogenated products, pentabromocyclododecane (PBCD) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (Cl11-DP), derived from HBCD and DP, were also identified in sewage sludge for the first time. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/es503510q |
| format | Article |
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Alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a group of potentially harmful organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey was carried out to identify the occurrence of HFRs and their potential dehalogenated products in sewage sludge from 62 WWTPs in China. Of all 20 target chemicals analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1, 2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) were detected in all sludge samples, and the concentrations were in the range of 0.82–215, 0.09–65.8, and 0.10–2.26 ng g–1 d.w., respectively. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was found in 60 of 62 samples, and the concentration ranged from nd–298 ng g–1 with a mean of 18.9 ng g–1 d.w. The anti-DP fractional abundance f anti (0.79) in the samples was much higher than the commercial DP composition (f anti = 0.59), indicating a stereoselective degradation. Comparison with global sludge concentrations of HFRs indicate that China is at the medium pollution level in the world. Principal components analysis revealed that strong correlations existed between ln-transformed concentrations (natural logarithm) of the dominant BFRs and total organic carbon (TOC) as well as industrial wastewater proportion, influent volume and serving population. Significant linear relationships (R = 0.360–0.893, p < 0.01) were found among emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs), suggesting their common commercial applications and release sources to the environment. Two kinds of dehalogenated products, pentabromocyclododecane (PBCD) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (Cl11-DP), derived from HBCD and DP, were also identified in sewage sludge for the first time.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/es503510q</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25286358</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ESTHAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Applied sciences ; Chemicals ; China ; Environmental Monitoring ; Exact sciences and technology ; Flame retardants ; Flame Retardants - analysis ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis ; Organic contaminants ; Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge ; Pollution ; Polycyclic Compounds - analysis ; Principal components analysis ; Sewage - chemistry ; Sewage disposal ; Sludge ; Waste Water ; Wastes ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2014-11, Vol.48 (21), p.12586-12594</ispartof><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Nov 4, 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a441t-24c193b1eec6db32e7aed7e82164dcfe85e33824bee989e54184dce624d5f45b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a441t-24c193b1eec6db32e7aed7e82164dcfe85e33824bee989e54184dce624d5f45b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es503510q$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es503510q$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,2752,27053,27901,27902,56713,56763</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28965802$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25286358$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zeng, Lixi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Ruiqiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Qinghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Haidong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Ke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Haiyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yawei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lam, Paul K.S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiang, Guibin</creatorcontrib><title>Current Levels and Composition Profiles of Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants and Dehalogenated Products in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China</title><title>Environmental science & technology</title><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>Occurrence of new toxic chemicals in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of concern for the environment and human health. Alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a group of potentially harmful organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey was carried out to identify the occurrence of HFRs and their potential dehalogenated products in sewage sludge from 62 WWTPs in China. Of all 20 target chemicals analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1, 2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) were detected in all sludge samples, and the concentrations were in the range of 0.82–215, 0.09–65.8, and 0.10–2.26 ng g–1 d.w., respectively. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was found in 60 of 62 samples, and the concentration ranged from nd–298 ng g–1 with a mean of 18.9 ng g–1 d.w. The anti-DP fractional abundance f anti (0.79) in the samples was much higher than the commercial DP composition (f anti = 0.59), indicating a stereoselective degradation. Comparison with global sludge concentrations of HFRs indicate that China is at the medium pollution level in the world. Principal components analysis revealed that strong correlations existed between ln-transformed concentrations (natural logarithm) of the dominant BFRs and total organic carbon (TOC) as well as industrial wastewater proportion, influent volume and serving population. Significant linear relationships (R = 0.360–0.893, p < 0.01) were found among emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs), suggesting their common commercial applications and release sources to the environment. 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Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2014-11-04</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>48</volume><issue>21</issue><spage>12586</spage><epage>12594</epage><pages>12586-12594</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><coden>ESTHAG</coden><abstract>Occurrence of new toxic chemicals in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of concern for the environment and human health. Alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a group of potentially harmful organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey was carried out to identify the occurrence of HFRs and their potential dehalogenated products in sewage sludge from 62 WWTPs in China. Of all 20 target chemicals analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1, 2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) were detected in all sludge samples, and the concentrations were in the range of 0.82–215, 0.09–65.8, and 0.10–2.26 ng g–1 d.w., respectively. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was found in 60 of 62 samples, and the concentration ranged from nd–298 ng g–1 with a mean of 18.9 ng g–1 d.w. The anti-DP fractional abundance f anti (0.79) in the samples was much higher than the commercial DP composition (f anti = 0.59), indicating a stereoselective degradation. Comparison with global sludge concentrations of HFRs indicate that China is at the medium pollution level in the world. Principal components analysis revealed that strong correlations existed between ln-transformed concentrations (natural logarithm) of the dominant BFRs and total organic carbon (TOC) as well as industrial wastewater proportion, influent volume and serving population. Significant linear relationships (R = 0.360–0.893, p < 0.01) were found among emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs), suggesting their common commercial applications and release sources to the environment. Two kinds of dehalogenated products, pentabromocyclododecane (PBCD) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (Cl11-DP), derived from HBCD and DP, were also identified in sewage sludge for the first time.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>25286358</pmid><doi>10.1021/es503510q</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Applied sciences Chemicals China Environmental Monitoring Exact sciences and technology Flame retardants Flame Retardants - analysis Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis Organic contaminants Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge Pollution Polycyclic Compounds - analysis Principal components analysis Sewage - chemistry Sewage disposal Sludge Waste Water Wastes Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water treatment |
| title | Current Levels and Composition Profiles of Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants and Dehalogenated Products in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China |
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