Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lake Michigan: A New Discovery
Previously unknown halogenated compounds were detected during the analysis of halogenated flame retardants in two sediment cores collected from Lake Michigan. Gas chromatography coupled with high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine the chemical structures for a total of 1...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2014-11, Vol.48 (21), p.12807-12815 |
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| creator | Guo, Jiehong Chen, Da Potter, Dave Rockne, Karl J Sturchio, Neil C Giesy, John P Li, An |
| description | Previously unknown halogenated compounds were detected during the analysis of halogenated flame retardants in two sediment cores collected from Lake Michigan. Gas chromatography coupled with high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine the chemical structures for a total of 15 novel polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) with the general molecular formula C12H9-x-y-z NCl x Br y I z . On the basis of the mass spectra generated by electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) MS, eight PHCs were tentatively identified as polybrominated carbazoles, while the others were mixed halogenated carbazoles containing, in addition to bromine, either chlorine or iodine or both. Patterns of halogen substitution of PHCs included Br2 to Br5, ClBr2, ClBr3, ClBr4, ClBr3I, Br4I, and Br3I2. 3,6-Dibromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole were also found among the PHCs. Profiles of the concentration versus depth of sediment at the two sites showed various patterns among polybrominated carbazoles. The abundance of mixed halogenated carbazoles peaked at depths of 12–16 cm, remained at relatively constant levels in deeper sediment, but declined markedly in more recently deposited sediments. This is the first study discovering the seven mixed halogenated carbazoles in the environment. Detailed methods for their detection and identification are provided. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/es503936u |
| format | Article |
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Gas chromatography coupled with high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine the chemical structures for a total of 15 novel polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) with the general molecular formula C12H9-x-y-z NCl x Br y I z . On the basis of the mass spectra generated by electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) MS, eight PHCs were tentatively identified as polybrominated carbazoles, while the others were mixed halogenated carbazoles containing, in addition to bromine, either chlorine or iodine or both. Patterns of halogen substitution of PHCs included Br2 to Br5, ClBr2, ClBr3, ClBr4, ClBr3I, Br4I, and Br3I2. 3,6-Dibromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole were also found among the PHCs. Profiles of the concentration versus depth of sediment at the two sites showed various patterns among polybrominated carbazoles. The abundance of mixed halogenated carbazoles peaked at depths of 12–16 cm, remained at relatively constant levels in deeper sediment, but declined markedly in more recently deposited sediments. This is the first study discovering the seven mixed halogenated carbazoles in the environment. Detailed methods for their detection and identification are provided.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/es503936u</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25271593</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ESTHAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Applied sciences ; Carbazoles - analysis ; Chromatography ; Chromatography, Gas ; Earth sciences ; Earth, ocean, space ; Electrons ; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics ; Exact sciences and technology ; Flame Retardants - analysis ; Freshwater ; Geologic Sediments - chemistry ; Halogenation ; Lakes ; Lakes - chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Michigan ; Molecular structure ; Pollution ; Pollution sources. Measurement results ; Pollution, environment geology ; Sediments ; Soil and sediments pollution ; VOCs ; Volatile organic compounds</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2014-11, Vol.48 (21), p.12807-12815</ispartof><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Nov 4, 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a406t-cdad4e424487f4c487930d25985f9c9dbff067b9f46cd1c71a44b18b817c515f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a406t-cdad4e424487f4c487930d25985f9c9dbff067b9f46cd1c71a44b18b817c515f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es503936u$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es503936u$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,2752,27053,27901,27902,56713,56763</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28965828$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25271593$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Guo, Jiehong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Da</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potter, Dave</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rockne, Karl J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sturchio, Neil C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giesy, John P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, An</creatorcontrib><title>Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lake Michigan: A New Discovery</title><title>Environmental science & technology</title><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>Previously unknown halogenated compounds were detected during the analysis of halogenated flame retardants in two sediment cores collected from Lake Michigan. Gas chromatography coupled with high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine the chemical structures for a total of 15 novel polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) with the general molecular formula C12H9-x-y-z NCl x Br y I z . On the basis of the mass spectra generated by electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) MS, eight PHCs were tentatively identified as polybrominated carbazoles, while the others were mixed halogenated carbazoles containing, in addition to bromine, either chlorine or iodine or both. Patterns of halogen substitution of PHCs included Br2 to Br5, ClBr2, ClBr3, ClBr4, ClBr3I, Br4I, and Br3I2. 3,6-Dibromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole were also found among the PHCs. Profiles of the concentration versus depth of sediment at the two sites showed various patterns among polybrominated carbazoles. The abundance of mixed halogenated carbazoles peaked at depths of 12–16 cm, remained at relatively constant levels in deeper sediment, but declined markedly in more recently deposited sediments. This is the first study discovering the seven mixed halogenated carbazoles in the environment. Detailed methods for their detection and identification are provided.</description><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Carbazoles - analysis</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Chromatography, Gas</subject><subject>Earth sciences</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Electrons</subject><subject>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Flame Retardants - analysis</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Geologic Sediments - chemistry</subject><subject>Halogenation</subject><subject>Lakes</subject><subject>Lakes - chemistry</subject><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>Michigan</subject><subject>Molecular structure</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Pollution sources. Measurement results</subject><subject>Pollution, environment geology</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Soil and sediments pollution</subject><subject>VOCs</subject><subject>Volatile organic compounds</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0clKxDAYAOAgio7LwReQgAh6qGZtE2_DuMK4gAreSpomWu00Y9Iq49ObwdERvXjJD-HjXwHYxGgfI4IPTOCISpp2C6CHOUEJFxwvgh5CmCbx_34FrIbwhBAiFIllsEI4yTCXtAfOr109eVS1ezCNak0JB8oX6t3VJsCqgTemrEamaQN0Fg7Vs4EXlX6sHlRzCPvw0rzBoypo92r8ZB0sWVUHszGLa-Du5Ph2cJYMr07PB_1hohhK20SXqmSGEcZEZpmOr6SoJFwKbqWWZWEtSrNCWpbqEusMK8YKLAqBM80xt3QN7H7mHXv30pnQ5qPYgqlr1RjXhRynJJNxOsz_QxEXLBVZpNu_6JPrfBMHmSpCScpFGtXep9LeheCNzce-Gik_yTHKp6fIv08R7dYsY1eMTPktv3Yfwc4MqKBVbb1qdBXmTshYk4i5Uzr86OpPwQ8IKpop</recordid><startdate>20141104</startdate><enddate>20141104</enddate><creator>Guo, Jiehong</creator><creator>Chen, Da</creator><creator>Potter, Dave</creator><creator>Rockne, Karl J</creator><creator>Sturchio, Neil C</creator><creator>Giesy, John P</creator><creator>Li, An</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141104</creationdate><title>Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lake Michigan: A New Discovery</title><author>Guo, Jiehong ; Chen, Da ; Potter, Dave ; Rockne, Karl J ; Sturchio, Neil C ; Giesy, John P ; Li, An</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a406t-cdad4e424487f4c487930d25985f9c9dbff067b9f46cd1c71a44b18b817c515f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Carbazoles - analysis</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Chromatography, Gas</topic><topic>Earth sciences</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Electrons</topic><topic>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Flame Retardants - analysis</topic><topic>Freshwater</topic><topic>Geologic Sediments - chemistry</topic><topic>Halogenation</topic><topic>Lakes</topic><topic>Lakes - chemistry</topic><topic>Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>Michigan</topic><topic>Molecular structure</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Pollution sources. Measurement results</topic><topic>Pollution, environment geology</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Soil and sediments pollution</topic><topic>VOCs</topic><topic>Volatile organic compounds</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Guo, Jiehong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Da</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potter, Dave</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rockne, Karl J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sturchio, Neil C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giesy, John P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, An</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Guo, Jiehong</au><au>Chen, Da</au><au>Potter, Dave</au><au>Rockne, Karl J</au><au>Sturchio, Neil C</au><au>Giesy, John P</au><au>Li, An</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lake Michigan: A New Discovery</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2014-11-04</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>48</volume><issue>21</issue><spage>12807</spage><epage>12815</epage><pages>12807-12815</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><coden>ESTHAG</coden><abstract>Previously unknown halogenated compounds were detected during the analysis of halogenated flame retardants in two sediment cores collected from Lake Michigan. Gas chromatography coupled with high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine the chemical structures for a total of 15 novel polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) with the general molecular formula C12H9-x-y-z NCl x Br y I z . On the basis of the mass spectra generated by electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) MS, eight PHCs were tentatively identified as polybrominated carbazoles, while the others were mixed halogenated carbazoles containing, in addition to bromine, either chlorine or iodine or both. Patterns of halogen substitution of PHCs included Br2 to Br5, ClBr2, ClBr3, ClBr4, ClBr3I, Br4I, and Br3I2. 3,6-Dibromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole were also found among the PHCs. Profiles of the concentration versus depth of sediment at the two sites showed various patterns among polybrominated carbazoles. The abundance of mixed halogenated carbazoles peaked at depths of 12–16 cm, remained at relatively constant levels in deeper sediment, but declined markedly in more recently deposited sediments. This is the first study discovering the seven mixed halogenated carbazoles in the environment. Detailed methods for their detection and identification are provided.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>25271593</pmid><doi>10.1021/es503936u</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Applied sciences Carbazoles - analysis Chromatography Chromatography, Gas Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Electrons Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics Exact sciences and technology Flame Retardants - analysis Freshwater Geologic Sediments - chemistry Halogenation Lakes Lakes - chemistry Mass Spectrometry Michigan Molecular structure Pollution Pollution sources. Measurement results Pollution, environment geology Sediments Soil and sediments pollution VOCs Volatile organic compounds |
| title | Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Lake Michigan: A New Discovery |
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