Chronic cadmium exposure attenuates the conditioned reinforcing properties of morphine and fentanyl

Adult male rats were exposed ad libitum for 40 days to 100 ppm cadmium chloride through their diet, or an identical diet with no added cadmium. Conditioned place preference (CPP) was conducted in a 2-chamber apparatus in which all drugs were paired with the least-preferred side as determined on a pr...

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