Assessment of water systems for contaminants from domestic and industrial sewages

The State of Minas Gerais represents one of Brazil's most outstanding mining resources. The contamination of river water from kaolin processing activities may be harmful to people in the way of slow but chronic poisoning. On the other hand, the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated domestic sewage into aquatic environments can also cause deleterious effects to the health. However, no reliable figures are available for pollutant occurrences in river water. This draws attention to the very precarious situation that exists with respect to pollution by organic and inorganic toxic wastes, especially with respect to humans and fauna in all its expressions. Thus, with the purpose of establishing a preliminary report to trace out industrialisation outcomes, samples of river water, vegetation and fish were collected and analysed to detect pollutant inputs. The concentration of metals was determined in suspended particle, vegetation and fish, while those of nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and chloride were determined in river water samples. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured in river water at the time of collection. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were also determined. Metal inputs in the samples analysed appeared to be related to effluent discharges into the rivers. The suspended particles showed high concentrations (in mg kg(-1)) of zinc (62 600) and aluminium (559 000), while vegetation samples collected near rivers were heavily contaminated with iron (7680). The fishes examined were contaminated with chromium (1.5 mg kg(-1)). In general, the concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, chloride, phosphate and BOD in river water were lower than the maximum values established by the Brazilian Environmental Standards.