Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread
The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper was first reported in North America in 1989 but did not occur in areas more recently colonized by gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). To establish this pathogen along the leading edge of spreading gypsy moth populations, 6...
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| description | The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper was first reported in North America in 1989 but did not occur in areas more recently colonized by gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). To establish this pathogen along the leading edge of spreading gypsy moth populations, 6 X 10(5) E. maimaiga resting spores were released around the bases of oaks m 0.01-ha plots in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. E. maimaiga was released in 34 plots in 1991 and 7 plots in 1992, with 15 control sites in 1991 and 3 control sites in 1992. During 1991, E. maimaiga infections were found in 28 plots, with infection levels 40% in 6 plots (17.6%). Infection levels were greater in plots where E. maimaiga resting spores were watered weekly. Low levels of infection were found in 4 of the 15 control plots. In 1992, E. maimaiga infections were detected in 40 of the 41 release plots as well as in the majority of control plots. Infection levels in 1992 E. maimaiga release plots averaged 72.4 +/- 10.7% (mean +/- SE) and were associated with declining egg mass densities. In 1991 fungal release plots resampled in 1992, disease prevalence in 1992 was greater in plots with higher levels of infection during 1991. During 1992, epizootics (70% infection) occurred in 24 of the 28 1991 release plots. Throughout this study, levels of E. maimaiga infection were never associated with gypsy moth egg mass density at the beginning of the season. May rainfall was positively associated with infection for each year, and optimal average temperatures for infection were approximately 13-l9 degrees C during May and June. During 1991, E. maimaiga spread up to 350 m from centers of release plots, and in 1992, E. maimaiga was abundant 1,000 m from release plots. Because of the abundance of E. maimaiga in 1992 control plots and at 1,000 m from 1992 release plots, 228 sites were surveyed to reevaluate the distribution of this fungus. E. maimaiga was found at all sites sampled |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/ee/25.5.1235 |
| format | Article |
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(Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.) ; Elkinton, J.S ; Witcosky, J.J</creator><creatorcontrib>Hajek, A.E. (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.) ; Elkinton, J.S ; Witcosky, J.J</creatorcontrib><description>The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper was first reported in North America in 1989 but did not occur in areas more recently colonized by gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). To establish this pathogen along the leading edge of spreading gypsy moth populations, 6 X 10(5) E. maimaiga resting spores were released around the bases of oaks m 0.01-ha plots in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. E. maimaiga was released in 34 plots in 1991 and 7 plots in 1992, with 15 control sites in 1991 and 3 control sites in 1992. During 1991, E. maimaiga infections were found in 28 plots, with infection levels 40% in 6 plots (17.6%). Infection levels were greater in plots where E. maimaiga resting spores were watered weekly. Low levels of infection were found in 4 of the 15 control plots. In 1992, E. maimaiga infections were detected in 40 of the 41 release plots as well as in the majority of control plots. Infection levels in 1992 E. maimaiga release plots averaged 72.4 +/- 10.7% (mean +/- SE) and were associated with declining egg mass densities. In 1991 fungal release plots resampled in 1992, disease prevalence in 1992 was greater in plots with higher levels of infection during 1991. During 1992, epizootics (70% infection) occurred in 24 of the 28 1991 release plots. Throughout this study, levels of E. maimaiga infection were never associated with gypsy moth egg mass density at the beginning of the season. May rainfall was positively associated with infection for each year, and optimal average temperatures for infection were approximately 13-l9 degrees C during May and June. During 1991, E. maimaiga spread up to 350 m from centers of release plots, and in 1992, E. maimaiga was abundant 1,000 m from release plots. Because of the abundance of E. maimaiga in 1992 control plots and at 1,000 m from 1992 release plots, 228 sites were surveyed to reevaluate the distribution of this fungus. E. maimaiga was found at all sites sampled</description><identifier>ISSN: 0046-225X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-2936</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/ee/25.5.1235</identifier><identifier>CODEN: EVETBX</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>AUXILIAIRE DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological control ; Control ; CONTROL BIOLOGICO ; DENSIDAD DE LA POBLACION ; DENSITE DE POPULATION ; DISTRIBUCION GEOGRAFICA ; DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIQUE ; Entomophaga maimaiga ; ESPECE ; ESPECIES ; ETIOLOGIA ; ETIOLOGIE ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; LLUVIA ; LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE ; LYMANTRIA DISPAR ; MARYLAND ; ORGANISMOS PARA CONTROL BIOLOGICO ; PENNSYLVANIA ; PENNSYLVANIE ; Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection ; PLUIE ; Protozoa. Invertebrates ; TEMPERATURA AMBIENTAL ; TEMPERATURE AMBIANTE ; VARIEDADES NATURALIZADAS ; VARIETE INTRODUITE ; VIRGINIA ; VIRGINIE ; VIRGINIE OCCIDENTALE ; WEST VIRGINIA</subject><ispartof>Environmental entomology, 1996-10, Vol.25 (5), p.1235-1247</ispartof><rights>1996 Entomological Society of America 1996</rights><rights>1997 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c344t-85b531c319c8f85ca6b1243eabe1c5413d484188d81bf7615f9501bbd97363853</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1584,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2496490$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hajek, A.E. (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elkinton, J.S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witcosky, J.J</creatorcontrib><title>Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread</title><title>Environmental entomology</title><description>The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper was first reported in North America in 1989 but did not occur in areas more recently colonized by gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). To establish this pathogen along the leading edge of spreading gypsy moth populations, 6 X 10(5) E. maimaiga resting spores were released around the bases of oaks m 0.01-ha plots in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. E. maimaiga was released in 34 plots in 1991 and 7 plots in 1992, with 15 control sites in 1991 and 3 control sites in 1992. During 1991, E. maimaiga infections were found in 28 plots, with infection levels 40% in 6 plots (17.6%). Infection levels were greater in plots where E. maimaiga resting spores were watered weekly. Low levels of infection were found in 4 of the 15 control plots. In 1992, E. maimaiga infections were detected in 40 of the 41 release plots as well as in the majority of control plots. Infection levels in 1992 E. maimaiga release plots averaged 72.4 +/- 10.7% (mean +/- SE) and were associated with declining egg mass densities. In 1991 fungal release plots resampled in 1992, disease prevalence in 1992 was greater in plots with higher levels of infection during 1991. During 1992, epizootics (70% infection) occurred in 24 of the 28 1991 release plots. Throughout this study, levels of E. maimaiga infection were never associated with gypsy moth egg mass density at the beginning of the season. May rainfall was positively associated with infection for each year, and optimal average temperatures for infection were approximately 13-l9 degrees C during May and June. During 1991, E. maimaiga spread up to 350 m from centers of release plots, and in 1992, E. maimaiga was abundant 1,000 m from release plots. Because of the abundance of E. maimaiga in 1992 control plots and at 1,000 m from 1992 release plots, 228 sites were surveyed to reevaluate the distribution of this fungus. E. maimaiga was found at all sites sampled</description><subject>AUXILIAIRE DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological control</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>CONTROL BIOLOGICO</subject><subject>DENSIDAD DE LA POBLACION</subject><subject>DENSITE DE POPULATION</subject><subject>DISTRIBUCION GEOGRAFICA</subject><subject>DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIQUE</subject><subject>Entomophaga maimaiga</subject><subject>ESPECE</subject><subject>ESPECIES</subject><subject>ETIOLOGIA</subject><subject>ETIOLOGIE</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>LLUVIA</subject><subject>LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE</subject><subject>LYMANTRIA DISPAR</subject><subject>MARYLAND</subject><subject>ORGANISMOS PARA CONTROL BIOLOGICO</subject><subject>PENNSYLVANIA</subject><subject>PENNSYLVANIE</subject><subject>Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection</subject><subject>PLUIE</subject><subject>Protozoa. Invertebrates</subject><subject>TEMPERATURA AMBIENTAL</subject><subject>TEMPERATURE AMBIANTE</subject><subject>VARIEDADES NATURALIZADAS</subject><subject>VARIETE INTRODUITE</subject><subject>VIRGINIA</subject><subject>VIRGINIE</subject><subject>VIRGINIE OCCIDENTALE</subject><subject>WEST VIRGINIA</subject><issn>0046-225X</issn><issn>1938-2936</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1996</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkUGL1TAQgIMo-Fy9efKUg-gu2LdJk_Sle5Nl1YUHHnRBvIRpMu2rtE1N0kN_k3_SPN9jr4aBzOGbb4YZQl5ztuWsFteI16Xaqi0vhXpCNrwWuihrUT0lG8ZkVZSl-vGcvIjxF8tPl7sN-XM_peDdYlPvJwqTo3EOCI76lqYD0naZOhjoDOngO5zo3ZT86OcDdEBH6HPk5PLn2vlxtZgw3jwiuSLAgPGKwuCn7p9uyOo-5-g6PLbo1jmudPTpQC_3OPfOzwkD3ND9OkKerO8d4NV5ppfkWQtDxFfn_4I8fLr7fvul2H_9fH_7cV9YIWUqtGqU4Fbw2upWKwtVw0spEBrkVkkunNSSa-00b9pdxVVbK8abxtU7UQmtxAV5d_LOwf9eMCYz9tHiMMCEfomGKy2Y1DqDH06gDT7GgK2ZQ15JWA1n5ngRg2hKZZQ5XiTjb89eiBaGNsBk-_hYU8q6kjXL2PsT5pf5f8I3J7IFb6ALWfbwrd6xSgou_gLjPqLF</recordid><startdate>19961001</startdate><enddate>19961001</enddate><creator>Hajek, A.E. 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(Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elkinton, J.S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witcosky, J.J</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental entomology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hajek, A.E. (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.)</au><au>Elkinton, J.S</au><au>Witcosky, J.J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread</atitle><jtitle>Environmental entomology</jtitle><date>1996-10-01</date><risdate>1996</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1235</spage><epage>1247</epage><pages>1235-1247</pages><issn>0046-225X</issn><eissn>1938-2936</eissn><coden>EVETBX</coden><abstract>The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper was first reported in North America in 1989 but did not occur in areas more recently colonized by gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). To establish this pathogen along the leading edge of spreading gypsy moth populations, 6 X 10(5) E. maimaiga resting spores were released around the bases of oaks m 0.01-ha plots in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. E. maimaiga was released in 34 plots in 1991 and 7 plots in 1992, with 15 control sites in 1991 and 3 control sites in 1992. During 1991, E. maimaiga infections were found in 28 plots, with infection levels 40% in 6 plots (17.6%). Infection levels were greater in plots where E. maimaiga resting spores were watered weekly. Low levels of infection were found in 4 of the 15 control plots. In 1992, E. maimaiga infections were detected in 40 of the 41 release plots as well as in the majority of control plots. Infection levels in 1992 E. maimaiga release plots averaged 72.4 +/- 10.7% (mean +/- SE) and were associated with declining egg mass densities. In 1991 fungal release plots resampled in 1992, disease prevalence in 1992 was greater in plots with higher levels of infection during 1991. During 1992, epizootics (70% infection) occurred in 24 of the 28 1991 release plots. Throughout this study, levels of E. maimaiga infection were never associated with gypsy moth egg mass density at the beginning of the season. May rainfall was positively associated with infection for each year, and optimal average temperatures for infection were approximately 13-l9 degrees C during May and June. During 1991, E. maimaiga spread up to 350 m from centers of release plots, and in 1992, E. maimaiga was abundant 1,000 m from release plots. Because of the abundance of E. maimaiga in 1992 control plots and at 1,000 m from 1992 release plots, 228 sites were surveyed to reevaluate the distribution of this fungus. E. maimaiga was found at all sites sampled</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><doi>10.1093/ee/25.5.1235</doi><tpages>13</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental entomology, 1996-10, Vol.25 (5), p.1235-1247 |
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| subjects | AUXILIAIRE DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE Biological and medical sciences Biological control Control CONTROL BIOLOGICO DENSIDAD DE LA POBLACION DENSITE DE POPULATION DISTRIBUCION GEOGRAFICA DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIQUE Entomophaga maimaiga ESPECE ESPECIES ETIOLOGIA ETIOLOGIE Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology LLUVIA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE LYMANTRIA DISPAR MARYLAND ORGANISMOS PARA CONTROL BIOLOGICO PENNSYLVANIA PENNSYLVANIE Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection PLUIE Protozoa. Invertebrates TEMPERATURA AMBIENTAL TEMPERATURE AMBIANTE VARIEDADES NATURALIZADAS VARIETE INTRODUITE VIRGINIA VIRGINIE VIRGINIE OCCIDENTALE WEST VIRGINIA |
| title | Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread |
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