Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time
Aims To examine incidence density rate and correlates of incident diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV‐infected individuals compared with matched non‐HIV‐infected persons. Methods Data were obtained from the South Carolina Medicaid system and the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System surveillance datab...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Diabetic medicine 2014-10, Vol.31 (10), p.1185-1193 |
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| creator | Tripathi, A. Liese, A. D. Jerrell, J. M. Zhang, J. Rizvi, A. A. Albrecht, H. Duffus, W. A. |
| description | Aims
To examine incidence density rate and correlates of incident diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV‐infected individuals compared with matched non‐HIV‐infected persons.
Methods
Data were obtained from the South Carolina Medicaid system and the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System surveillance database for persons ≥ 18 years of age who had been attended to during the period 1994 to 2011. Time‐dependent proportional hazards analysis and marginal structural models were used to analyse the data.
Results
A total of 13 632 individuals (6816, 1:1 matched HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected persons; median age 39 years; 57% male) contributed 88 359 person‐years of follow‐up. Incidence rate of diabetes was higher in the non‐HIV‐infected group compared with the HIV‐infected group (13.60 vs. 11.35 per 1000 person‐years). Multivariable hazards analysis suggested a significantly lower risk of incident diabetes among HIV‐infected persons treated with combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the matched non‐HIV‐infected persons (adjusted hazards ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.46–0.65). Among HIV‐infected persons, marginal structural modelling suggested a significantly higher risk of diabetes with cumulative exposure to protease inhibitors over the observation period (adjusted relative risk 1.35; 95% CI 1.03–1.78), but this association was not significant for exposure to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Overall, female gender, older age, non‐white race/ethnicity, and pre‐existing hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and hepatitis C infection were associated with higher risk of diabetes incidence.
Conclusions
HIV infection may not be independently associated with increased risk of diabetes. Among HIV‐infected persons, exposure to protease inhibitor‐based regimens may increase the risk of diabetes. Healthcare providers should make every effort to use combination antiretroviral therapy regimens with a better cardiometabolic profile.
What's new?
This is the first study to examine the incidence density rate of diabetes among HIV‐infected persons compared with a non‐HIV‐infected control group in the Southern USA, which has disproportionally both HIV and cardiometabolic disorders, especially obesity.
Time‐dependent statistical methodology was used to examine the retrospective observation data over an 18‐year study period for the pertinent risk factors associated with new‐onset diabetes.
Results empirically reiterate the importance of monitoring and managing risk fac |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/dme.12455 |
| format | Article |
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To examine incidence density rate and correlates of incident diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV‐infected individuals compared with matched non‐HIV‐infected persons.
Methods
Data were obtained from the South Carolina Medicaid system and the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System surveillance database for persons ≥ 18 years of age who had been attended to during the period 1994 to 2011. Time‐dependent proportional hazards analysis and marginal structural models were used to analyse the data.
Results
A total of 13 632 individuals (6816, 1:1 matched HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected persons; median age 39 years; 57% male) contributed 88 359 person‐years of follow‐up. Incidence rate of diabetes was higher in the non‐HIV‐infected group compared with the HIV‐infected group (13.60 vs. 11.35 per 1000 person‐years). Multivariable hazards analysis suggested a significantly lower risk of incident diabetes among HIV‐infected persons treated with combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the matched non‐HIV‐infected persons (adjusted hazards ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.46–0.65). Among HIV‐infected persons, marginal structural modelling suggested a significantly higher risk of diabetes with cumulative exposure to protease inhibitors over the observation period (adjusted relative risk 1.35; 95% CI 1.03–1.78), but this association was not significant for exposure to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Overall, female gender, older age, non‐white race/ethnicity, and pre‐existing hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and hepatitis C infection were associated with higher risk of diabetes incidence.
Conclusions
HIV infection may not be independently associated with increased risk of diabetes. Among HIV‐infected persons, exposure to protease inhibitor‐based regimens may increase the risk of diabetes. Healthcare providers should make every effort to use combination antiretroviral therapy regimens with a better cardiometabolic profile.
What's new?
This is the first study to examine the incidence density rate of diabetes among HIV‐infected persons compared with a non‐HIV‐infected control group in the Southern USA, which has disproportionally both HIV and cardiometabolic disorders, especially obesity.
Time‐dependent statistical methodology was used to examine the retrospective observation data over an 18‐year study period for the pertinent risk factors associated with new‐onset diabetes.
Results empirically reiterate the importance of monitoring and managing risk factors among HIV‐infected persons, especially among those exposed to combination antiretroviral therapy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0742-3071</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-5491</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/dme.12455</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24673640</identifier><identifier>CODEN: DIMEEV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Anti-HIV Agents - adverse effects ; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use ; Antiretroviral drugs ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - chemically induced ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - microbiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - chemically induced ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - microbiology ; Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance ; Drug therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination - adverse effects ; Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) ; Endocrinopathies ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; HIV ; HIV Infections - complications ; HIV Infections - drug therapy ; HIV Infections - microbiology ; HIV Protease Inhibitors - adverse effects ; HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Medicaid ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; South Carolina - epidemiology ; United States - epidemiology ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems ; Vertebrates: endocrinology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Diabetic medicine, 2014-10, Vol.31 (10), p.1185-1193</ispartof><rights>2014 The Authors. Diabetic Medicine © 2014 Diabetes UK</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2014 The Authors. Diabetic Medicine © 2014 Diabetes UK.</rights><rights>Diabetic Medicine © 2014 Diabetes UK</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4915-a812a760406bd6f1af7e8605de40e449ac914ba95edabfe592fc58966ac700e53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4915-a812a760406bd6f1af7e8605de40e449ac914ba95edabfe592fc58966ac700e53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fdme.12455$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fdme.12455$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28779164$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673640$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tripathi, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liese, A. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jerrell, J. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rizvi, A. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albrecht, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duffus, W. A.</creatorcontrib><title>Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time</title><title>Diabetic medicine</title><addtitle>Diabet. Med</addtitle><description>Aims
To examine incidence density rate and correlates of incident diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV‐infected individuals compared with matched non‐HIV‐infected persons.
Methods
Data were obtained from the South Carolina Medicaid system and the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System surveillance database for persons ≥ 18 years of age who had been attended to during the period 1994 to 2011. Time‐dependent proportional hazards analysis and marginal structural models were used to analyse the data.
Results
A total of 13 632 individuals (6816, 1:1 matched HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected persons; median age 39 years; 57% male) contributed 88 359 person‐years of follow‐up. Incidence rate of diabetes was higher in the non‐HIV‐infected group compared with the HIV‐infected group (13.60 vs. 11.35 per 1000 person‐years). Multivariable hazards analysis suggested a significantly lower risk of incident diabetes among HIV‐infected persons treated with combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the matched non‐HIV‐infected persons (adjusted hazards ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.46–0.65). Among HIV‐infected persons, marginal structural modelling suggested a significantly higher risk of diabetes with cumulative exposure to protease inhibitors over the observation period (adjusted relative risk 1.35; 95% CI 1.03–1.78), but this association was not significant for exposure to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Overall, female gender, older age, non‐white race/ethnicity, and pre‐existing hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and hepatitis C infection were associated with higher risk of diabetes incidence.
Conclusions
HIV infection may not be independently associated with increased risk of diabetes. Among HIV‐infected persons, exposure to protease inhibitor‐based regimens may increase the risk of diabetes. Healthcare providers should make every effort to use combination antiretroviral therapy regimens with a better cardiometabolic profile.
What's new?
This is the first study to examine the incidence density rate of diabetes among HIV‐infected persons compared with a non‐HIV‐infected control group in the Southern USA, which has disproportionally both HIV and cardiometabolic disorders, especially obesity.
Time‐dependent statistical methodology was used to examine the retrospective observation data over an 18‐year study period for the pertinent risk factors associated with new‐onset diabetes.
Results empirically reiterate the importance of monitoring and managing risk factors among HIV‐infected persons, especially among those exposed to combination antiretroviral therapy.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - adverse effects</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Antiretroviral drugs</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - chemically induced</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - microbiology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - chemically induced</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - microbiology</subject><subject>Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Drug Therapy, Combination - adverse effects</subject><subject>Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases)</subject><subject>Endocrinopathies</subject><subject>Epidemiological Monitoring</subject><subject>Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - complications</subject><subject>HIV Infections - drug therapy</subject><subject>HIV Infections - microbiology</subject><subject>HIV Protease Inhibitors - adverse effects</subject><subject>HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicaid</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Proportional Hazards Models</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>South Carolina - epidemiology</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><subject>Vertebrates: endocrinology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0742-3071</issn><issn>1464-5491</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc1u1TAQhSMEopfCghdAllAlWKS1E9u5YVdKf65UQCpQKjbWxBmrLokd7ATa1-mT4vvTIpDwxtL4O3PGc7LsOaO7LJ29tsddVnAhHmQzxiXPBa_Zw2xGK17kJa3YVvYkxitKWVGX9eNsq-CyKiWns-x24bRt0Wkk3pDWQoMjRtJj19lxisQ6AmTww9TBaL3LG4jYEu0vfRiXipPFeW6dQT2mMriWuAT9VRwwRO_iGzJeIrH9AHol1J11VkO3EqWnAANOo9XEJMCHSPxPDGS0PT7NHhnoIj7b3NvZl6PDzwcn-enH48XB_mmu029FDnNWQCUpp7JppWFgKpxLKlrkFDmvQdeMN1ALbKExKOrCaDGvpQRdUYqi3M5erfsOwf-YMI6qt1GnRYBDP0XFhCxpkkmW0Jf_oFd-Ci5Nt6SKQtaUy0S9XlM6-BgDGjUE20O4UYyqZXAqBadWwSX2xabj1PTY3pN3SSVgZwNATGszAVJw8Q83r6qaSZ64vTX3y3Z4839H9e794Z11vlbYOOL1vQLCd5W8K6G-fjhWn47O3p59O79QF-VvbTG_tA</recordid><startdate>201410</startdate><enddate>201410</enddate><creator>Tripathi, A.</creator><creator>Liese, A. D.</creator><creator>Jerrell, J. M.</creator><creator>Zhang, J.</creator><creator>Rizvi, A. A.</creator><creator>Albrecht, H.</creator><creator>Duffus, W. A.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201410</creationdate><title>Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time</title><author>Tripathi, A. ; Liese, A. D. ; Jerrell, J. M. ; Zhang, J. ; Rizvi, A. A. ; Albrecht, H. ; Duffus, W. A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4915-a812a760406bd6f1af7e8605de40e449ac914ba95edabfe592fc58966ac700e53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - adverse effects</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Antiretroviral drugs</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - chemically induced</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - microbiology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - chemically induced</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - microbiology</topic><topic>Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance</topic><topic>Drug therapy</topic><topic>Drug Therapy, Combination - adverse effects</topic><topic>Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases)</topic><topic>Endocrinopathies</topic><topic>Epidemiological Monitoring</topic><topic>Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - complications</topic><topic>HIV Infections - drug therapy</topic><topic>HIV Infections - microbiology</topic><topic>HIV Protease Inhibitors - adverse effects</topic><topic>HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicaid</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Proportional Hazards Models</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>South Carolina - epidemiology</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><topic>Vertebrates: endocrinology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tripathi, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liese, A. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jerrell, J. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rizvi, A. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albrecht, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duffus, W. A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Diabetic medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tripathi, A.</au><au>Liese, A. D.</au><au>Jerrell, J. M.</au><au>Zhang, J.</au><au>Rizvi, A. A.</au><au>Albrecht, H.</au><au>Duffus, W. A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time</atitle><jtitle>Diabetic medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Diabet. Med</addtitle><date>2014-10</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1185</spage><epage>1193</epage><pages>1185-1193</pages><issn>0742-3071</issn><eissn>1464-5491</eissn><coden>DIMEEV</coden><abstract>Aims
To examine incidence density rate and correlates of incident diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV‐infected individuals compared with matched non‐HIV‐infected persons.
Methods
Data were obtained from the South Carolina Medicaid system and the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System surveillance database for persons ≥ 18 years of age who had been attended to during the period 1994 to 2011. Time‐dependent proportional hazards analysis and marginal structural models were used to analyse the data.
Results
A total of 13 632 individuals (6816, 1:1 matched HIV‐infected and non‐HIV‐infected persons; median age 39 years; 57% male) contributed 88 359 person‐years of follow‐up. Incidence rate of diabetes was higher in the non‐HIV‐infected group compared with the HIV‐infected group (13.60 vs. 11.35 per 1000 person‐years). Multivariable hazards analysis suggested a significantly lower risk of incident diabetes among HIV‐infected persons treated with combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the matched non‐HIV‐infected persons (adjusted hazards ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.46–0.65). Among HIV‐infected persons, marginal structural modelling suggested a significantly higher risk of diabetes with cumulative exposure to protease inhibitors over the observation period (adjusted relative risk 1.35; 95% CI 1.03–1.78), but this association was not significant for exposure to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Overall, female gender, older age, non‐white race/ethnicity, and pre‐existing hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and hepatitis C infection were associated with higher risk of diabetes incidence.
Conclusions
HIV infection may not be independently associated with increased risk of diabetes. Among HIV‐infected persons, exposure to protease inhibitor‐based regimens may increase the risk of diabetes. Healthcare providers should make every effort to use combination antiretroviral therapy regimens with a better cardiometabolic profile.
What's new?
This is the first study to examine the incidence density rate of diabetes among HIV‐infected persons compared with a non‐HIV‐infected control group in the Southern USA, which has disproportionally both HIV and cardiometabolic disorders, especially obesity.
Time‐dependent statistical methodology was used to examine the retrospective observation data over an 18‐year study period for the pertinent risk factors associated with new‐onset diabetes.
Results empirically reiterate the importance of monitoring and managing risk factors among HIV‐infected persons, especially among those exposed to combination antiretroviral therapy.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>24673640</pmid><doi>10.1111/dme.12455</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Diabetic medicine, 2014-10, Vol.31 (10), p.1185-1193 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library All Journals |
| subjects | Adult Aged Anti-HIV Agents - adverse effects Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use Antiretroviral drugs Biological and medical sciences Cohort Studies Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - chemically induced Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - microbiology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - chemically induced Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - microbiology Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance Drug therapy Drug Therapy, Combination - adverse effects Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) Endocrinopathies Epidemiological Monitoring Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance Feeding. Feeding behavior Female Follow-Up Studies Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology HIV HIV Infections - complications HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - microbiology HIV Protease Inhibitors - adverse effects HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Incidence Longitudinal Studies Male Medicaid Medical sciences Middle Aged Proportional Hazards Models Retrospective Studies Risk Factors South Carolina - epidemiology United States - epidemiology Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Vertebrates: endocrinology Young Adult |
| title | Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time |
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