Salt licks do not increase local densities of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, an abundant ectoparasite of cervids
The deer ked, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), is a common ectoparasite of the moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which coul...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Medical and veterinary entomology 2014-09, Vol.28 (3), p.307-313 |
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description | The deer ked, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), is a common ectoparasite of the moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which could create aggregates of deer ked pupae as the parasite is a short‐distance flyer and its dispersion depends on its hosts. We investigated whether the population density of flying deer keds could be influenced by manipulating salt licks and how environmental variables affect parasite density. Densities were estimated in 40 experimental sites with four treatments (no salt licks, introduced salt licks, removed salt licks, permanent salt licks) in September during 2007–2010. Forest edges, mixed forests on mineral soil and coniferous forests on peat soil were the habitats with high numbers of parasites. The manipulation of salt licks seemed to be ineffective in reducing the density of deer keds as the only factor to show statistical significance with parasite numbers in the mixed‐model analysis was year of determination. Annual deer ked densities correlated with the abundance of moose in the region. Moreover, high spring and summer temperatures seemed to increase the numbers of flying imagos. |
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Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which could create aggregates of deer ked pupae as the parasite is a short‐distance flyer and its dispersion depends on its hosts. We investigated whether the population density of flying deer keds could be influenced by manipulating salt licks and how environmental variables affect parasite density. Densities were estimated in 40 experimental sites with four treatments (no salt licks, introduced salt licks, removed salt licks, permanent salt licks) in September during 2007–2010. Forest edges, mixed forests on mineral soil and coniferous forests on peat soil were the habitats with high numbers of parasites. The manipulation of salt licks seemed to be ineffective in reducing the density of deer keds as the only factor to show statistical significance with parasite numbers in the mixed‐model analysis was year of determination. Annual deer ked densities correlated with the abundance of moose in the region. Moreover, high spring and summer temperatures seemed to increase the numbers of flying imagos.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0269-283X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2915</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/mve.12030</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24131141</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Alces alces ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Artiodactyla ; Cervidae ; coniferous forests ; Deer - parasitology ; Diptera ; Diptera - physiology ; ectoparasites ; Ectoparasitic Infestations - epidemiology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations - parasitology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations - veterinary ; edge effects ; Entomology ; Environment ; environmental factors ; Female ; Finland - epidemiology ; flight ; flying season ; habitat ; Hippobosca ; Hippoboscidae ; hosts ; imagos ; Lipoptena ; Lipoptena cervi ; Male ; mineral soils ; mixed forests ; Moose ; Parasites ; peat soils ; Population Density ; pupae ; Sodium Chloride - pharmacology ; spring ; summer ; temperature</subject><ispartof>Medical and veterinary entomology, 2014-09, Vol.28 (3), p.307-313</ispartof><rights>2013 The Royal Entomological Society</rights><rights>2013 The Royal Entomological Society.</rights><rights>2014 The Royal Entomological Society</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4810-339de0682d977ae18f0ce7d4756d8881f946be30f6a2184f8b50b7f21341e8a63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4810-339de0682d977ae18f0ce7d4756d8881f946be30f6a2184f8b50b7f21341e8a63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fmve.12030$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fmve.12030$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,1419,27931,27932,45581,45582</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24131141$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>PAAKKONEN, T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>NIEMINEN, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ROININEN, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MUSTONEN, A.‐M</creatorcontrib><title>Salt licks do not increase local densities of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, an abundant ectoparasite of cervids</title><title>Medical and veterinary entomology</title><addtitle>Med Vet Entomol</addtitle><description>The deer ked, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), is a common ectoparasite of the moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which could create aggregates of deer ked pupae as the parasite is a short‐distance flyer and its dispersion depends on its hosts. We investigated whether the population density of flying deer keds could be influenced by manipulating salt licks and how environmental variables affect parasite density. Densities were estimated in 40 experimental sites with four treatments (no salt licks, introduced salt licks, removed salt licks, permanent salt licks) in September during 2007–2010. Forest edges, mixed forests on mineral soil and coniferous forests on peat soil were the habitats with high numbers of parasites. The manipulation of salt licks seemed to be ineffective in reducing the density of deer keds as the only factor to show statistical significance with parasite numbers in the mixed‐model analysis was year of determination. Annual deer ked densities correlated with the abundance of moose in the region. Moreover, high spring and summer temperatures seemed to increase the numbers of flying imagos.</description><subject>Alces alces</subject><subject>Animal Distribution</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Artiodactyla</subject><subject>Cervidae</subject><subject>coniferous forests</subject><subject>Deer - parasitology</subject><subject>Diptera</subject><subject>Diptera - physiology</subject><subject>ectoparasites</subject><subject>Ectoparasitic Infestations - epidemiology</subject><subject>Ectoparasitic Infestations - parasitology</subject><subject>Ectoparasitic Infestations - veterinary</subject><subject>edge effects</subject><subject>Entomology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>environmental factors</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Finland - epidemiology</subject><subject>flight</subject><subject>flying season</subject><subject>habitat</subject><subject>Hippobosca</subject><subject>Hippoboscidae</subject><subject>hosts</subject><subject>imagos</subject><subject>Lipoptena</subject><subject>Lipoptena cervi</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>mineral soils</subject><subject>mixed forests</subject><subject>Moose</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>peat soils</subject><subject>Population Density</subject><subject>pupae</subject><subject>Sodium Chloride - pharmacology</subject><subject>spring</subject><subject>summer</subject><subject>temperature</subject><issn>0269-283X</issn><issn>1365-2915</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0lFP1TAYBuDFaOSIXvgHtIk3kjDo165rd0kIoOGoQUS5a7r1m5azs852Q_n39jDgwsTE3jRpnvdrmrdZ9hLoHqS1v77GPWCU00fZAngpclaBeJwtKCurnCl-uZU9i_GKUpAVY0-zLVYAByhgkQ3nphtJ55pVJNaT3o_E9U1AE5F0vjEdsdhHNzqMxLdk_IHpAANZod0lSzf4YcTekAbDtdslpiemnnpr-pFgM_rBBJPCuIneEhufZ09a00V8cbdvZxfHR18O3-XLTyfvDw-WeVMooDnnlUVaKmYrKQ2CammD0hZSlFYpBW1VlDVy2paGgSpaVQtay5YBLwCVKfl29naeOwT_c8I46rWLDXad6dFPUYMoKaRb5P9QwYEKJmmib_6iV34KfXrIRjFBCyVkUjuzaoKPMWCrh-DWJtxooHrTmE6N6dvGkn11N3Gq12gf5H1FCezP4Jfr8Obfk_SHr0f3I_M54eKIvx8SJqx0KbkU-tvHE316dqouWfFZnyX_evat8dp8Dy7qi3NGoUgfRjDOBf8DFy-1_A</recordid><startdate>201409</startdate><enddate>201409</enddate><creator>PAAKKONEN, T</creator><creator>NIEMINEN, P</creator><creator>ROININEN, H</creator><creator>MUSTONEN, A.‐M</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201409</creationdate><title>Salt licks do not increase local densities of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, an abundant ectoparasite of cervids</title><author>PAAKKONEN, T ; NIEMINEN, P ; ROININEN, H ; MUSTONEN, A.‐M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4810-339de0682d977ae18f0ce7d4756d8881f946be30f6a2184f8b50b7f21341e8a63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Alces alces</topic><topic>Animal Distribution</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Artiodactyla</topic><topic>Cervidae</topic><topic>coniferous forests</topic><topic>Deer - parasitology</topic><topic>Diptera</topic><topic>Diptera - physiology</topic><topic>ectoparasites</topic><topic>Ectoparasitic Infestations - epidemiology</topic><topic>Ectoparasitic Infestations - parasitology</topic><topic>Ectoparasitic Infestations - veterinary</topic><topic>edge effects</topic><topic>Entomology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>environmental factors</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Finland - epidemiology</topic><topic>flight</topic><topic>flying season</topic><topic>habitat</topic><topic>Hippobosca</topic><topic>Hippoboscidae</topic><topic>hosts</topic><topic>imagos</topic><topic>Lipoptena</topic><topic>Lipoptena cervi</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>mineral soils</topic><topic>mixed forests</topic><topic>Moose</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>peat soils</topic><topic>Population Density</topic><topic>pupae</topic><topic>Sodium Chloride - pharmacology</topic><topic>spring</topic><topic>summer</topic><topic>temperature</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>PAAKKONEN, T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>NIEMINEN, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ROININEN, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MUSTONEN, A.‐M</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Medical and veterinary entomology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>PAAKKONEN, T</au><au>NIEMINEN, P</au><au>ROININEN, H</au><au>MUSTONEN, A.‐M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Salt licks do not increase local densities of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, an abundant ectoparasite of cervids</atitle><jtitle>Medical and veterinary entomology</jtitle><addtitle>Med Vet Entomol</addtitle><date>2014-09</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>307</spage><epage>313</epage><pages>307-313</pages><issn>0269-283X</issn><eissn>1365-2915</eissn><abstract>The deer ked, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), is a common ectoparasite of the moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which could create aggregates of deer ked pupae as the parasite is a short‐distance flyer and its dispersion depends on its hosts. We investigated whether the population density of flying deer keds could be influenced by manipulating salt licks and how environmental variables affect parasite density. Densities were estimated in 40 experimental sites with four treatments (no salt licks, introduced salt licks, removed salt licks, permanent salt licks) in September during 2007–2010. Forest edges, mixed forests on mineral soil and coniferous forests on peat soil were the habitats with high numbers of parasites. The manipulation of salt licks seemed to be ineffective in reducing the density of deer keds as the only factor to show statistical significance with parasite numbers in the mixed‐model analysis was year of determination. Annual deer ked densities correlated with the abundance of moose in the region. Moreover, high spring and summer temperatures seemed to increase the numbers of flying imagos.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>24131141</pmid><doi>10.1111/mve.12030</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alces alces Animal Distribution Animals Artiodactyla Cervidae coniferous forests Deer - parasitology Diptera Diptera - physiology ectoparasites Ectoparasitic Infestations - epidemiology Ectoparasitic Infestations - parasitology Ectoparasitic Infestations - veterinary edge effects Entomology Environment environmental factors Female Finland - epidemiology flight flying season habitat Hippobosca Hippoboscidae hosts imagos Lipoptena Lipoptena cervi Male mineral soils mixed forests Moose Parasites peat soils Population Density pupae Sodium Chloride - pharmacology spring summer temperature |
title | Salt licks do not increase local densities of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, an abundant ectoparasite of cervids |
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