Molecular and cellular regulation of hypothalamic melanocortin neurons controlling food intake and energy metabolism
The brain receives and integrates environmental and metabolic information, transforms these signals into adequate neuronal circuit activities, and generates physiological behaviors to promote energy homeostasis. The responsible neuronal circuitries show lifetime plasticity and guaranty metabolic hea...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Molecular psychiatry 2014-07, Vol.19 (7), p.752-761 |
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| creator | Koch, M Horvath, T L |
| description | The brain receives and integrates environmental and metabolic information, transforms these signals into adequate neuronal circuit activities, and generates physiological behaviors to promote energy homeostasis. The responsible neuronal circuitries show lifetime plasticity and guaranty metabolic health and survival. However, this highly evolved organization has become challenged nowadays by chronic overload with nutrients and reduced physical activity, which results in an ever-increasing number of obese individuals worldwide. Research within the last two decades has aimed to decipher the responsible molecular and cellular mechanisms for regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin neurons, which have a key role in the control of food intake and energy metabolism. This review maps the central connections of the melanocortin system and highlights its global position and divergent character in physiological and pathological metabolic events. Moreover, recently uncovered molecular and cellular processes in hypothalamic neurons and glial cells that drive plastic morphological and physiological changes in these cells, and account for regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, are brought into focus. Finally, potential functional interactions between metabolic disorders and psychiatric diseases are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/mp.2014.30 |
| format | Article |
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The responsible neuronal circuitries show lifetime plasticity and guaranty metabolic health and survival. However, this highly evolved organization has become challenged nowadays by chronic overload with nutrients and reduced physical activity, which results in an ever-increasing number of obese individuals worldwide. Research within the last two decades has aimed to decipher the responsible molecular and cellular mechanisms for regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin neurons, which have a key role in the control of food intake and energy metabolism. This review maps the central connections of the melanocortin system and highlights its global position and divergent character in physiological and pathological metabolic events. Moreover, recently uncovered molecular and cellular processes in hypothalamic neurons and glial cells that drive plastic morphological and physiological changes in these cells, and account for regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, are brought into focus. Finally, potential functional interactions between metabolic disorders and psychiatric diseases are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1359-4184</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5578</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.30</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24732669</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>631/378/1488 ; 631/443/319/333/1465 ; 692/699/317 ; 692/699/476 ; Agouti-Related Protein - physiology ; Animals ; Behavioral Sciences ; Bioenergetics ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological Psychology ; Brain ; Brain research ; Eating - physiology ; Energy balance ; Energy consumption ; Energy metabolism ; Energy Metabolism - physiology ; expert-review ; Food ; Food habits ; Food intake ; Glial cells ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; Hypothalamus - physiology ; Hypothalamus - physiopathology ; Medical sciences ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Melanocortin ; Melanocortins - physiology ; Mental disorders ; Mental Disorders - physiopathology ; Metabolic disorders ; Metabolism ; Models, Neurological ; Neurobiology ; Neuroglia - physiology ; Neuronal-glial interactions ; Neurons ; Neurons - physiology ; Neuropeptide Y - physiology ; Neurophysiology ; Neurosciences ; Obesity ; Organelles - physiology ; Pharmacotherapy ; Physical activity ; Physiological aspects ; Physiology ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin - physiology ; Psychiatry ; Psychological aspects ; Psychology. 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The responsible neuronal circuitries show lifetime plasticity and guaranty metabolic health and survival. However, this highly evolved organization has become challenged nowadays by chronic overload with nutrients and reduced physical activity, which results in an ever-increasing number of obese individuals worldwide. Research within the last two decades has aimed to decipher the responsible molecular and cellular mechanisms for regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin neurons, which have a key role in the control of food intake and energy metabolism. This review maps the central connections of the melanocortin system and highlights its global position and divergent character in physiological and pathological metabolic events. Moreover, recently uncovered molecular and cellular processes in hypothalamic neurons and glial cells that drive plastic morphological and physiological changes in these cells, and account for regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, are brought into focus. Finally, potential functional interactions between metabolic disorders and psychiatric diseases are discussed.</description><subject>631/378/1488</subject><subject>631/443/319/333/1465</subject><subject>692/699/317</subject><subject>692/699/476</subject><subject>Agouti-Related Protein - physiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Behavioral Sciences</subject><subject>Bioenergetics</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological Psychology</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Eating - physiology</subject><subject>Energy balance</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Energy metabolism</subject><subject>Energy Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>expert-review</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food habits</subject><subject>Food intake</subject><subject>Glial cells</subject><subject>Homeostasis</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypothalamus</subject><subject>Hypothalamus - physiology</subject><subject>Hypothalamus - physiopathology</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Melanocortin</subject><subject>Melanocortins - physiology</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental Disorders - physiopathology</subject><subject>Metabolic disorders</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Models, Neurological</subject><subject>Neurobiology</subject><subject>Neuroglia - physiology</subject><subject>Neuronal-glial interactions</subject><subject>Neurons</subject><subject>Neurons - physiology</subject><subject>Neuropeptide Y - physiology</subject><subject>Neurophysiology</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Organelles - physiology</subject><subject>Pharmacotherapy</subject><subject>Physical activity</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Pro-Opiomelanocortin - physiology</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Psychology. 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The responsible neuronal circuitries show lifetime plasticity and guaranty metabolic health and survival. However, this highly evolved organization has become challenged nowadays by chronic overload with nutrients and reduced physical activity, which results in an ever-increasing number of obese individuals worldwide. Research within the last two decades has aimed to decipher the responsible molecular and cellular mechanisms for regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin neurons, which have a key role in the control of food intake and energy metabolism. This review maps the central connections of the melanocortin system and highlights its global position and divergent character in physiological and pathological metabolic events. 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| ispartof | Molecular psychiatry, 2014-07, Vol.19 (7), p.752-761 |
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| subjects | 631/378/1488 631/443/319/333/1465 692/699/317 692/699/476 Agouti-Related Protein - physiology Animals Behavioral Sciences Bioenergetics Biological and medical sciences Biological Psychology Brain Brain research Eating - physiology Energy balance Energy consumption Energy metabolism Energy Metabolism - physiology expert-review Food Food habits Food intake Glial cells Homeostasis Humans Hypothalamus Hypothalamus - physiology Hypothalamus - physiopathology Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Melanocortin Melanocortins - physiology Mental disorders Mental Disorders - physiopathology Metabolic disorders Metabolism Models, Neurological Neurobiology Neuroglia - physiology Neuronal-glial interactions Neurons Neurons - physiology Neuropeptide Y - physiology Neurophysiology Neurosciences Obesity Organelles - physiology Pharmacotherapy Physical activity Physiological aspects Physiology Pro-Opiomelanocortin - physiology Psychiatry Psychological aspects Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Spinal cord |
| title | Molecular and cellular regulation of hypothalamic melanocortin neurons controlling food intake and energy metabolism |
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