Antibacterial and bioactive calcium titanate layers formed on Ti metal and its alloys
An antibacterial and bioactive titanium (Ti)-based material was developed for use as a bone substitute under load-bearing conditions. As previously reported, Ti metal was successively subjected to NaOH, CaCl 2 , heat, and water treatments to form a calcium-deficient calcium titanate layer on its sur...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine 2014-07, Vol.25 (7), p.1737-1746 |
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| creator | Kizuki, Takashi Matsushita, Tomiharu Kokubo, Tadashi |
| description | An antibacterial and bioactive titanium (Ti)-based material was developed for use as a bone substitute under load-bearing conditions. As previously reported, Ti metal was successively subjected to NaOH, CaCl
2
, heat, and water treatments to form a calcium-deficient calcium titanate layer on its surface. When placed in a simulated body fluid (SBF), this bioactive Ti formed an apatite layer on its surface and tightly bonded to bones in the body. To address concerns regarding deep infection during orthopedic surgery, Ag
+
ions were incorporated on the surface of this bioactive Ti metal to impart antibacterial properties. Ti metal was first soaked in a 5 M NaOH solution to form a 1 μm-thick sodium hydrogen titanate layer on the surface and then in a 100 mM CaCl
2
solution to form a calcium hydrogen titanate layer via replacement of the Na
+
ions with Ca
2+
ions. The Ti material was subsequently heated at 600 °C for 1 h to transform the calcium hydrogen titanate into calcium titanate. This heat-treated titanium metal was then soaked in 0.01–10 mM AgNO
3
solutions at 80 °C for 24 h. As a result, 0.1–0.82 at.% Ag
+
ions and a small amount of H
3
O
+
ions were incorporated into the surface calcium titanate layers. The resultant products formed apatite on their surface in an SBF, released 0.35–3.24 ppm Ag
+
ion into the fetal bovine serum within 24 h, and exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against
Staphylococcus aureus
. These results suggest that the present Ti metals should exhibit strong antibacterial properties in the living body in addition to tightly bonding to the surrounding bone through the apatite layer that forms on their surfaces in the body. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10856-014-5201-9 |
| format | Article |
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2
, heat, and water treatments to form a calcium-deficient calcium titanate layer on its surface. When placed in a simulated body fluid (SBF), this bioactive Ti formed an apatite layer on its surface and tightly bonded to bones in the body. To address concerns regarding deep infection during orthopedic surgery, Ag
+
ions were incorporated on the surface of this bioactive Ti metal to impart antibacterial properties. Ti metal was first soaked in a 5 M NaOH solution to form a 1 μm-thick sodium hydrogen titanate layer on the surface and then in a 100 mM CaCl
2
solution to form a calcium hydrogen titanate layer via replacement of the Na
+
ions with Ca
2+
ions. The Ti material was subsequently heated at 600 °C for 1 h to transform the calcium hydrogen titanate into calcium titanate. This heat-treated titanium metal was then soaked in 0.01–10 mM AgNO
3
solutions at 80 °C for 24 h. As a result, 0.1–0.82 at.% Ag
+
ions and a small amount of H
3
O
+
ions were incorporated into the surface calcium titanate layers. The resultant products formed apatite on their surface in an SBF, released 0.35–3.24 ppm Ag
+
ion into the fetal bovine serum within 24 h, and exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against
Staphylococcus aureus
. These results suggest that the present Ti metals should exhibit strong antibacterial properties in the living body in addition to tightly bonding to the surrounding bone through the apatite layer that forms on their surfaces in the body.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0957-4530</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-4838</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5201-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24682896</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston: Springer US</publisher><subject>Alloys ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry ; Antibacterial agents ; Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents ; Antiinfectives and antibacterials ; Antimicrobial agents ; Apatite ; Apatites ; Biocompatibility ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomaterials ; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering ; Biomedical materials ; Body Fluids ; Bone Substitutes ; Bones ; Calcium - administration & dosage ; Calcium - chemistry ; Calcium titanate ; Cattle ; Ceramics ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Coated Materials, Biocompatible - chemistry ; Composites ; Glass ; Ions ; Materials Science ; Medical sciences ; Metals - chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Natural Materials ; Oxides - chemistry ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Polymer Sciences ; Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering ; Silver - chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Surfaces and Interfaces ; Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases ; Surgical implants ; Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments ; Thin Films ; Time Factors ; Titanates ; Titanium ; Titanium - administration & dosage ; Titanium - chemistry ; Titanium alloys ; X-Ray Diffraction</subject><ispartof>Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2014-07, Vol.25 (7), p.1737-1746</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-d640b4cd184079f494fda766271a0d5aa5ca26db1fb95f1a80848406675e0533</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-d640b4cd184079f494fda766271a0d5aa5ca26db1fb95f1a80848406675e0533</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10856-014-5201-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10856-014-5201-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28568904$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682896$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kizuki, Takashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matsushita, Tomiharu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kokubo, Tadashi</creatorcontrib><title>Antibacterial and bioactive calcium titanate layers formed on Ti metal and its alloys</title><title>Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine</title><addtitle>J Mater Sci: Mater Med</addtitle><addtitle>J Mater Sci Mater Med</addtitle><description>An antibacterial and bioactive titanium (Ti)-based material was developed for use as a bone substitute under load-bearing conditions. As previously reported, Ti metal was successively subjected to NaOH, CaCl
2
, heat, and water treatments to form a calcium-deficient calcium titanate layer on its surface. When placed in a simulated body fluid (SBF), this bioactive Ti formed an apatite layer on its surface and tightly bonded to bones in the body. To address concerns regarding deep infection during orthopedic surgery, Ag
+
ions were incorporated on the surface of this bioactive Ti metal to impart antibacterial properties. Ti metal was first soaked in a 5 M NaOH solution to form a 1 μm-thick sodium hydrogen titanate layer on the surface and then in a 100 mM CaCl
2
solution to form a calcium hydrogen titanate layer via replacement of the Na
+
ions with Ca
2+
ions. The Ti material was subsequently heated at 600 °C for 1 h to transform the calcium hydrogen titanate into calcium titanate. This heat-treated titanium metal was then soaked in 0.01–10 mM AgNO
3
solutions at 80 °C for 24 h. As a result, 0.1–0.82 at.% Ag
+
ions and a small amount of H
3
O
+
ions were incorporated into the surface calcium titanate layers. The resultant products formed apatite on their surface in an SBF, released 0.35–3.24 ppm Ag
+
ion into the fetal bovine serum within 24 h, and exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against
Staphylococcus aureus
. These results suggest that the present Ti metals should exhibit strong antibacterial properties in the living body in addition to tightly bonding to the surrounding bone through the apatite layer that forms on their surfaces in the body.</description><subject>Alloys</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antibacterial agents</subject><subject>Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents</subject><subject>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Apatite</subject><subject>Apatites</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomaterials</subject><subject>Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering</subject><subject>Biomedical materials</subject><subject>Body Fluids</subject><subject>Bone Substitutes</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Calcium - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Calcium - chemistry</subject><subject>Calcium titanate</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Ceramics</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Coated Materials, Biocompatible - chemistry</subject><subject>Composites</subject><subject>Glass</subject><subject>Ions</subject><subject>Materials Science</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metals - chemistry</subject><subject>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</subject><subject>Natural Materials</subject><subject>Oxides - chemistry</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Polymer Sciences</subject><subject>Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering</subject><subject>Silver - chemistry</subject><subject>Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects</subject><subject>Surface Properties</subject><subject>Surfaces and Interfaces</subject><subject>Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases</subject><subject>Surgical implants</subject><subject>Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments</subject><subject>Thin Films</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Titanates</subject><subject>Titanium</subject><subject>Titanium - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Titanium - chemistry</subject><subject>Titanium alloys</subject><subject>X-Ray Diffraction</subject><issn>0957-4530</issn><issn>1573-4838</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUuLFDEURoMoTs_oD3AjARHclN5U5eaxHAZ1hAE37TrcSqUkQz3GJCX0vzdNtw8EwVUIOd-X5B7GXgh4KwD0uyzAoGpAyAZbEI19xHYCdddI05nHbAcWdSOxgwt2mfM9AEiL-JRdtFKZ1li1Y1-ulxJ78iWkSBOnZeB9XOs-fg_c0-TjNvMSCy1UAp_oEFLm45rmMPB14fvI51DOwVgyp2laD_kZezLSlMPz83rF9h_e729um7vPHz_dXN81HkGUZlASeukHYSRoO0orx4G0Uq0WBAMSoadWDb0Ye4ujIANGVlQpjQGw667Ym1PtQ1q_bSEXN8fswzTREtYtO4FYO1spxX-gnZUaUOqKvvoLvV-3tNR_HCmN2KKxlRInyqc15xRG95DiTOngBLijHXey46odd7TjjpmX5-atrwP8lfipowKvzwDlOvwx0eJj_s3VPmNBVq49cbkeLV9D-uOJ_7z9B-LJpRY</recordid><startdate>20140701</startdate><enddate>20140701</enddate><creator>Kizuki, Takashi</creator><creator>Matsushita, Tomiharu</creator><creator>Kokubo, Tadashi</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H8G</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0W</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140701</creationdate><title>Antibacterial and bioactive calcium titanate layers formed on Ti metal and its alloys</title><author>Kizuki, Takashi ; Matsushita, Tomiharu ; Kokubo, Tadashi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-d640b4cd184079f494fda766271a0d5aa5ca26db1fb95f1a80848406675e0533</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Alloys</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antibacterial agents</topic><topic>Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents</topic><topic>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Apatite</topic><topic>Apatites</topic><topic>Biocompatibility</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomaterials</topic><topic>Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering</topic><topic>Biomedical materials</topic><topic>Body Fluids</topic><topic>Bone Substitutes</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Calcium - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Calcium - chemistry</topic><topic>Calcium titanate</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>Ceramics</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Coated Materials, Biocompatible - chemistry</topic><topic>Composites</topic><topic>Glass</topic><topic>Ions</topic><topic>Materials Science</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metals - chemistry</topic><topic>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</topic><topic>Natural Materials</topic><topic>Oxides - chemistry</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Polymer Sciences</topic><topic>Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering</topic><topic>Silver - chemistry</topic><topic>Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects</topic><topic>Surface Properties</topic><topic>Surfaces and Interfaces</topic><topic>Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases</topic><topic>Surgical implants</topic><topic>Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments</topic><topic>Thin Films</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Titanates</topic><topic>Titanium</topic><topic>Titanium - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Titanium - chemistry</topic><topic>Titanium alloys</topic><topic>X-Ray Diffraction</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kizuki, Takashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matsushita, Tomiharu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kokubo, Tadashi</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>DELNET Engineering & Technology Collection</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kizuki, Takashi</au><au>Matsushita, Tomiharu</au><au>Kokubo, Tadashi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Antibacterial and bioactive calcium titanate layers formed on Ti metal and its alloys</atitle><jtitle>Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine</jtitle><stitle>J Mater Sci: Mater Med</stitle><addtitle>J Mater Sci Mater Med</addtitle><date>2014-07-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1737</spage><epage>1746</epage><pages>1737-1746</pages><issn>0957-4530</issn><eissn>1573-4838</eissn><abstract>An antibacterial and bioactive titanium (Ti)-based material was developed for use as a bone substitute under load-bearing conditions. As previously reported, Ti metal was successively subjected to NaOH, CaCl
2
, heat, and water treatments to form a calcium-deficient calcium titanate layer on its surface. When placed in a simulated body fluid (SBF), this bioactive Ti formed an apatite layer on its surface and tightly bonded to bones in the body. To address concerns regarding deep infection during orthopedic surgery, Ag
+
ions were incorporated on the surface of this bioactive Ti metal to impart antibacterial properties. Ti metal was first soaked in a 5 M NaOH solution to form a 1 μm-thick sodium hydrogen titanate layer on the surface and then in a 100 mM CaCl
2
solution to form a calcium hydrogen titanate layer via replacement of the Na
+
ions with Ca
2+
ions. The Ti material was subsequently heated at 600 °C for 1 h to transform the calcium hydrogen titanate into calcium titanate. This heat-treated titanium metal was then soaked in 0.01–10 mM AgNO
3
solutions at 80 °C for 24 h. As a result, 0.1–0.82 at.% Ag
+
ions and a small amount of H
3
O
+
ions were incorporated into the surface calcium titanate layers. The resultant products formed apatite on their surface in an SBF, released 0.35–3.24 ppm Ag
+
ion into the fetal bovine serum within 24 h, and exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against
Staphylococcus aureus
. These results suggest that the present Ti metals should exhibit strong antibacterial properties in the living body in addition to tightly bonding to the surrounding bone through the apatite layer that forms on their surfaces in the body.</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>24682896</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10856-014-5201-9</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2014-07, Vol.25 (7), p.1737-1746 |
| issn | 0957-4530 1573-4838 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Alloys Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry Antibacterial agents Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Antiinfectives and antibacterials Antimicrobial agents Apatite Apatites Biocompatibility Biological and medical sciences Biomaterials Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Biomedical materials Body Fluids Bone Substitutes Bones Calcium - administration & dosage Calcium - chemistry Calcium titanate Cattle Ceramics Chemistry and Materials Science Coated Materials, Biocompatible - chemistry Composites Glass Ions Materials Science Medical sciences Metals - chemistry Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Natural Materials Oxides - chemistry Pharmacology. Drug treatments Polymer Sciences Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering Silver - chemistry Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects Surface Properties Surfaces and Interfaces Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases Surgical implants Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments Thin Films Time Factors Titanates Titanium Titanium - administration & dosage Titanium - chemistry Titanium alloys X-Ray Diffraction |
| title | Antibacterial and bioactive calcium titanate layers formed on Ti metal and its alloys |
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