Diurnal variations in incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest including prior comorbidity and pharmacotherapy: A nationwide study in Denmark

Abstract Aim To investigate diurnal variations in incidence and outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods OHCA of presumed cardiac etiology were identified through the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry (2001–2010). Time of day was divided into three time periods: daytime 07.00–14.59; evening 15.00–22.59; and nighttime 23.00–06.59. Results We identified 18,929 OHCA patients, aged ≥18 years. The median age was 72 years (IQR 62–80) and the majority were male (67.5%). OHCA occurrence varied across time periods, with 43.9%, 35.7% and 20.6% occurring during daytime, evening and nighttime, respectively. Nighttime patients were more likely to have: severe comorbidity (i.e. COPD), arrest in private home (87.2% vs. 69.0% and 73.0% daytime and evening, respectively), non-witnessed arrest (51.2% vs. 48.4% and 43.7%), no bystander CPR (75.9% vs. 68.4% and 66.1%), longer time interval from recognition of OHCA to rhythm analysis (12 min vs. 11 min and 11 min), and non-shockable heart rhythm (80.1% vs. 70.3% and 69.4%), all p < 0.0001. Nighttime patients were less likely to achieve return of spontaneous circulation on arrival at the hospital (7.5% vs. 14.8% and 15.1%) and 1-year survival (2.8% vs. 7.2% and 7.1%), p < 0.0001. Overall, the lower 1-year survival rate persisted after adjusting for patient-related and cardiac-arrest related characteristics mentioned above (OR 0.47, 95%CI 0.37–0.59; OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.40–0.65, compared to daytime and evening, respectively). Conclusions We found nighttime patients to have a lower survival compared to daytime and evening that persisted when adjusting for patient-related and cardiac-arrest related characteristics including comorbidities.