Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Background and Objective Objective assessment of postsurgical facial asymmetry can be difficult, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have made this possible. The objective of this study was to assess residual asymmetry in surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal 2014-07, Vol.51 (4), p.462-471 |
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| creator | Bell, Aileen Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel Brown, Denise Bowman, Adrian W. Siebert, J. Paul Simmons, David R. Millett, Declan T. Ayoub, Ashraf F. |
| description | Background and Objective
Objective assessment of postsurgical facial asymmetry can be difficult, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have made this possible. The objective of this study was to assess residual asymmetry in surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients and to compare this with noncleft controls.
Design
Retrospective multicohort comparative study.
Patients and Methods
Fifty-one 10-year-old children with surgically managed UCLP and 44 children with UCL were compared with a control group of 68 ten-year-olds. The 3D facial models at rest and with maximum smile were created using a 3D imaging system. Asymmetry scores were produced using both anatomical landmarks and a novel method of facial curve analysis.
Results
Asymmetry for the whole face was significantly higher in both cleft groups compared with controls (P < .001). UCLP asymmetry was higher than UCL (P < .001). In cleft patients, the upper lip and nasal rim were the most asymmetric (P < .001 to .05). Control subjects also displayed a degree of facial asymmetry. Maximum smile did not significantly affect the symmetry of the whole face, but it increased asymmetry of the vermillion border and nasal rim in all three groups (P < .001).
Conclusions
Despite surgical intervention at an early age, asymmetry remains significant in cleft patients at 10 years of age. Three-dimensional imaging is a noninvasive objective assessment tool that identifies specific areas of the face responsible for asymmetry. Facial curve analysis describes the face more comprehensively and characterizes soft tissue contours. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1597/12-140 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1542649290</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sage_id>10.1597_12-140</sage_id><sourcerecordid>3369125241</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-9dce43f92199b670fa4db0694577bf2ed0b5c9bfdf1ad30507865f2b8865d6263</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkV9LwzAUxYMoTqd-BCkI4ks1SZN0eRzTqTBQdHsuaXozM7q2Ji3itzd18-_TvffcH-fCuQidEHxJuEyvCI0JwzvogHDGY8KF3A095jwWgosBOvR-hTHlhI720YAmiZCYiANUzV8cQHxt11B5W1eqjMbeg_dhbqPaRFOlbS82DSinKg2RqcuyfrPVMnru3NLqsH2CRlnX44vKlqoFF8RJCaaNZraJVFVEj6rXj9CeUaWH420dosX0Zj65i2cPt_eT8SzWDJM2loUGlhhJiZS5SLFRrMixkIynaW4oFDjnWuamMEQVCeY4HQluaD4KpRBUJEN0sfFtXP3agW-ztfUaylJVUHc-CylRwSSVOKBn_9BV3bkQxCfFGBE4IYE631Da1d47MFnj7Fq594zgrP9ARmgWPhDA061dl6-h-Ma-Iv-559USft36a_MBeGiKLQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1544416031</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SAGE Complete A-Z List</source><creator>Bell, Aileen ; Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel ; Brown, Denise ; Bowman, Adrian W. ; Siebert, J. Paul ; Simmons, David R. ; Millett, Declan T. ; Ayoub, Ashraf F.</creator><creatorcontrib>Bell, Aileen ; Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel ; Brown, Denise ; Bowman, Adrian W. ; Siebert, J. Paul ; Simmons, David R. ; Millett, Declan T. ; Ayoub, Ashraf F.</creatorcontrib><description>Background and Objective
Objective assessment of postsurgical facial asymmetry can be difficult, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have made this possible. The objective of this study was to assess residual asymmetry in surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients and to compare this with noncleft controls.
Design
Retrospective multicohort comparative study.
Patients and Methods
Fifty-one 10-year-old children with surgically managed UCLP and 44 children with UCL were compared with a control group of 68 ten-year-olds. The 3D facial models at rest and with maximum smile were created using a 3D imaging system. Asymmetry scores were produced using both anatomical landmarks and a novel method of facial curve analysis.
Results
Asymmetry for the whole face was significantly higher in both cleft groups compared with controls (P < .001). UCLP asymmetry was higher than UCL (P < .001). In cleft patients, the upper lip and nasal rim were the most asymmetric (P < .001 to .05). Control subjects also displayed a degree of facial asymmetry. Maximum smile did not significantly affect the symmetry of the whole face, but it increased asymmetry of the vermillion border and nasal rim in all three groups (P < .001).
Conclusions
Despite surgical intervention at an early age, asymmetry remains significant in cleft patients at 10 years of age. Three-dimensional imaging is a noninvasive objective assessment tool that identifies specific areas of the face responsible for asymmetry. Facial curve analysis describes the face more comprehensively and characterizes soft tissue contours.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1055-6656</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1545-1569</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1597/12-140</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23369016</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CPJOEG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Anatomic Landmarks ; Child ; Cleft Lip - surgery ; Cleft Palate - surgery ; Deformities ; Dentistry ; Face ; Facial Asymmetry - diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Maxillofacial surgery ; Photography ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Scotland ; Studies ; Three dimensional imaging</subject><ispartof>The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal, 2014-07, Vol.51 (4), p.462-471</ispartof><rights>2014 American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association</rights><rights>Copyright Allen Press Publishing Services Jul 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-9dce43f92199b670fa4db0694577bf2ed0b5c9bfdf1ad30507865f2b8865d6263</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-9dce43f92199b670fa4db0694577bf2ed0b5c9bfdf1ad30507865f2b8865d6263</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1597/12-140$$EPDF$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1597/12-140$$EHTML$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,21799,27903,27904,43600,43601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369016$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bell, Aileen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Denise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bowman, Adrian W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siebert, J. Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simmons, David R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Millett, Declan T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayoub, Ashraf F.</creatorcontrib><title>Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate</title><title>The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal</title><addtitle>Cleft Palate Craniofac J</addtitle><description>Background and Objective
Objective assessment of postsurgical facial asymmetry can be difficult, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have made this possible. The objective of this study was to assess residual asymmetry in surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients and to compare this with noncleft controls.
Design
Retrospective multicohort comparative study.
Patients and Methods
Fifty-one 10-year-old children with surgically managed UCLP and 44 children with UCL were compared with a control group of 68 ten-year-olds. The 3D facial models at rest and with maximum smile were created using a 3D imaging system. Asymmetry scores were produced using both anatomical landmarks and a novel method of facial curve analysis.
Results
Asymmetry for the whole face was significantly higher in both cleft groups compared with controls (P < .001). UCLP asymmetry was higher than UCL (P < .001). In cleft patients, the upper lip and nasal rim were the most asymmetric (P < .001 to .05). Control subjects also displayed a degree of facial asymmetry. Maximum smile did not significantly affect the symmetry of the whole face, but it increased asymmetry of the vermillion border and nasal rim in all three groups (P < .001).
Conclusions
Despite surgical intervention at an early age, asymmetry remains significant in cleft patients at 10 years of age. Three-dimensional imaging is a noninvasive objective assessment tool that identifies specific areas of the face responsible for asymmetry. Facial curve analysis describes the face more comprehensively and characterizes soft tissue contours.</description><subject>Anatomic Landmarks</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Cleft Lip - surgery</subject><subject>Cleft Palate - surgery</subject><subject>Deformities</subject><subject>Dentistry</subject><subject>Face</subject><subject>Facial Asymmetry - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Imaging, Three-Dimensional</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Maxillofacial surgery</subject><subject>Photography</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Scotland</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Three dimensional imaging</subject><issn>1055-6656</issn><issn>1545-1569</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkV9LwzAUxYMoTqd-BCkI4ks1SZN0eRzTqTBQdHsuaXozM7q2Ji3itzd18-_TvffcH-fCuQidEHxJuEyvCI0JwzvogHDGY8KF3A095jwWgosBOvR-hTHlhI720YAmiZCYiANUzV8cQHxt11B5W1eqjMbeg_dhbqPaRFOlbS82DSinKg2RqcuyfrPVMnru3NLqsH2CRlnX44vKlqoFF8RJCaaNZraJVFVEj6rXj9CeUaWH420dosX0Zj65i2cPt_eT8SzWDJM2loUGlhhJiZS5SLFRrMixkIynaW4oFDjnWuamMEQVCeY4HQluaD4KpRBUJEN0sfFtXP3agW-ztfUaylJVUHc-CylRwSSVOKBn_9BV3bkQxCfFGBE4IYE631Da1d47MFnj7Fq594zgrP9ARmgWPhDA061dl6-h-Ma-Iv-559USft36a_MBeGiKLQ</recordid><startdate>20140701</startdate><enddate>20140701</enddate><creator>Bell, Aileen</creator><creator>Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel</creator><creator>Brown, Denise</creator><creator>Bowman, Adrian W.</creator><creator>Siebert, J. Paul</creator><creator>Simmons, David R.</creator><creator>Millett, Declan T.</creator><creator>Ayoub, Ashraf F.</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FQ</scope><scope>8FV</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M3G</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140701</creationdate><title>Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate</title><author>Bell, Aileen ; Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel ; Brown, Denise ; Bowman, Adrian W. ; Siebert, J. Paul ; Simmons, David R. ; Millett, Declan T. ; Ayoub, Ashraf F.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-9dce43f92199b670fa4db0694577bf2ed0b5c9bfdf1ad30507865f2b8865d6263</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Anatomic Landmarks</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Cleft Lip - surgery</topic><topic>Cleft Palate - surgery</topic><topic>Deformities</topic><topic>Dentistry</topic><topic>Face</topic><topic>Facial Asymmetry - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Imaging, Three-Dimensional</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Maxillofacial surgery</topic><topic>Photography</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Scotland</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Three dimensional imaging</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bell, Aileen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Denise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bowman, Adrian W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siebert, J. Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simmons, David R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Millett, Declan T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayoub, Ashraf F.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>CBCA Reference & Current Events</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bell, Aileen</au><au>Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel</au><au>Brown, Denise</au><au>Bowman, Adrian W.</au><au>Siebert, J. Paul</au><au>Simmons, David R.</au><au>Millett, Declan T.</au><au>Ayoub, Ashraf F.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate</atitle><jtitle>The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal</jtitle><addtitle>Cleft Palate Craniofac J</addtitle><date>2014-07-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>51</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>462</spage><epage>471</epage><pages>462-471</pages><issn>1055-6656</issn><eissn>1545-1569</eissn><coden>CPJOEG</coden><abstract>Background and Objective
Objective assessment of postsurgical facial asymmetry can be difficult, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have made this possible. The objective of this study was to assess residual asymmetry in surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients and to compare this with noncleft controls.
Design
Retrospective multicohort comparative study.
Patients and Methods
Fifty-one 10-year-old children with surgically managed UCLP and 44 children with UCL were compared with a control group of 68 ten-year-olds. The 3D facial models at rest and with maximum smile were created using a 3D imaging system. Asymmetry scores were produced using both anatomical landmarks and a novel method of facial curve analysis.
Results
Asymmetry for the whole face was significantly higher in both cleft groups compared with controls (P < .001). UCLP asymmetry was higher than UCL (P < .001). In cleft patients, the upper lip and nasal rim were the most asymmetric (P < .001 to .05). Control subjects also displayed a degree of facial asymmetry. Maximum smile did not significantly affect the symmetry of the whole face, but it increased asymmetry of the vermillion border and nasal rim in all three groups (P < .001).
Conclusions
Despite surgical intervention at an early age, asymmetry remains significant in cleft patients at 10 years of age. Three-dimensional imaging is a noninvasive objective assessment tool that identifies specific areas of the face responsible for asymmetry. Facial curve analysis describes the face more comprehensively and characterizes soft tissue contours.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><pmid>23369016</pmid><doi>10.1597/12-140</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal, 2014-07, Vol.51 (4), p.462-471 |
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| source | MEDLINE; SAGE Complete A-Z List |
| subjects | Anatomic Landmarks Child Cleft Lip - surgery Cleft Palate - surgery Deformities Dentistry Face Facial Asymmetry - diagnostic imaging Female Humans Imaging, Three-Dimensional Male Maxillofacial surgery Photography Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Scotland Studies Three dimensional imaging |
| title | Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate |
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