Demographic Associations of High Estimated Sodium Intake and Frequency of Consumption of High-Sodium Foods in People With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 in England

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate sodium intake in a cohort of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 3 in England to identify demographic characteristics of subgroups with high sodium intake and specific foods that contribute to excessive sodium intake. Design and Methods Study subjects ( N = 1,729) included CKD patients from 32 general practices in the Renal Risk in Derby study. Patients had a glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 59 mL/min per 1.73 m2 on 2 or more occasions at least 3 months apart before recruitment. Sodium excretion (assumed to be equal to intake) was estimated from early morning urine specimens using an equation validated for this study population. The frequency of intake of 12 salty foods was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Results The mean estimated urinary sodium excretion was 110.5 ± 33.8 mmol/day; 60.1% had values above the National Kidney Foundation recommendation (