Effects of spirotetramat on the acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in Chinese toad ( Bufo bufo gargarizans ) tadpoles

Highlights • We detect the acute toxicity effect of spirotetramat in Chinese toad ( Bufo bufo gargarizans ) tadpoles. • The activities of two antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH-Px) were evaluated in the biochemical responses of tadpoles exposed to spirotetramat, and the GSH-Px activity was the most sensitive parameters. • The level of MDA was associated with the exposure to spirotetramat in tadpoles. • These results indicate that sub-lethal spirotetramat or other external stressors are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms even at non-lethal concentrations.