Myocardial blood flow and its transit time, oxygen utilization, and efficiency of highly endurance-trained human heart
Highly endurance-trained athlete’s heart represents the most extreme form of cardiac adaptation to physical stress, but its circulatory alterations remain obscure. In the present study, myocardial blood flow (MBF), blood mean transit time (MTT), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and consumption (MVO...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Basic research in cardiology 2014-07, Vol.109 (4), p.413-413, Article 413 |
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| creator | Heinonen, Ilkka Kudomi, Nobuyuki Kemppainen, Jukka Kiviniemi, Antti Noponen, Tommi Luotolahti, Matti Luoto, Pauliina Oikonen, Vesa Sipilä, Hannu T. Kopra, Jaakko Mononen, Ilkka Duncker, Dirk J. Knuuti, Juhani Kalliokoski, Kari K. |
| description | Highly endurance-trained athlete’s heart represents the most extreme form of cardiac adaptation to physical stress, but its circulatory alterations remain obscure. In the present study, myocardial blood flow (MBF), blood mean transit time (MTT), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and consumption (MVO
2
), and efficiency of cardiac work were quantified in highly trained male endurance athletes and control subjects at rest and during supine cycling exercise using [
15
O]-labeled radiotracers and positron emission tomography. Heart rate and MBF were lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise. OEF increased in response to exercise in both groups, but was higher in athletes (70 ± 21 vs. 63 ± 11 % at rest and 86 ± 13 vs. 73 ± 10 % during exercise). MTT was longer and vascular resistance higher in athletes both at rest and during exercise, but arterial content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (oxygen affinity) was unchanged. MVO
2
per gram of myocardium trended (
p
= 0.08) lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise, while myocardial efficiency of work and MVO
2
per beat were not different between groups. Arterial levels of free fatty acids were ~twofold higher in athletes likely leading to higher myocardial fatty acid oxidation and hence oxygen cost, which may have blunted the bradycardia-induced decrease in MVO
2
. Finally, the observed group differences in MBF, OEF, MTT and vascular resistance remained significant also after they were controlled for differences in MVO
2
. In conclusion, in highly endurance-trained human heart, increased myocardial blood transition time enables higher oxygen extraction levels with a lower myocardial blood flow and higher vascular resistance. These physiological adaptations to exercise training occur independently of the level of oxygen consumption and together with training-induced bradycardia may serve as mechanisms to increase functional reserve of the human heart. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00395-014-0413-1 |
| format | Article |
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2
), and efficiency of cardiac work were quantified in highly trained male endurance athletes and control subjects at rest and during supine cycling exercise using [
15
O]-labeled radiotracers and positron emission tomography. Heart rate and MBF were lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise. OEF increased in response to exercise in both groups, but was higher in athletes (70 ± 21 vs. 63 ± 11 % at rest and 86 ± 13 vs. 73 ± 10 % during exercise). MTT was longer and vascular resistance higher in athletes both at rest and during exercise, but arterial content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (oxygen affinity) was unchanged. MVO
2
per gram of myocardium trended (
p
= 0.08) lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise, while myocardial efficiency of work and MVO
2
per beat were not different between groups. Arterial levels of free fatty acids were ~twofold higher in athletes likely leading to higher myocardial fatty acid oxidation and hence oxygen cost, which may have blunted the bradycardia-induced decrease in MVO
2
. Finally, the observed group differences in MBF, OEF, MTT and vascular resistance remained significant also after they were controlled for differences in MVO
2
. In conclusion, in highly endurance-trained human heart, increased myocardial blood transition time enables higher oxygen extraction levels with a lower myocardial blood flow and higher vascular resistance. These physiological adaptations to exercise training occur independently of the level of oxygen consumption and together with training-induced bradycardia may serve as mechanisms to increase functional reserve of the human heart.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0300-8428</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1435-1803</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0413-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24866583</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>2,3-Diphosphoglycerate - blood ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Adult ; Bicycling ; Biomarkers - blood ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Coronary Circulation ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - methods ; Myocardium - metabolism ; Original Contribution ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen - blood ; Oxygen Consumption ; Physical Endurance ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Time Factors ; Vascular Resistance ; Ventricular Function, Left</subject><ispartof>Basic research in cardiology, 2014-07, Vol.109 (4), p.413-413, Article 413</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-6f9635bdba892f023437a2e5ae383dd182db49c05f95800d40177780ed4adf963</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-6f9635bdba892f023437a2e5ae383dd182db49c05f95800d40177780ed4adf963</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00395-014-0413-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00395-014-0413-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24866583$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Heinonen, Ilkka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kudomi, Nobuyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemppainen, Jukka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiviniemi, Antti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noponen, Tommi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luotolahti, Matti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luoto, Pauliina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oikonen, Vesa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sipilä, Hannu T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kopra, Jaakko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mononen, Ilkka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duncker, Dirk J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knuuti, Juhani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kalliokoski, Kari K.</creatorcontrib><title>Myocardial blood flow and its transit time, oxygen utilization, and efficiency of highly endurance-trained human heart</title><title>Basic research in cardiology</title><addtitle>Basic Res Cardiol</addtitle><addtitle>Basic Res Cardiol</addtitle><description>Highly endurance-trained athlete’s heart represents the most extreme form of cardiac adaptation to physical stress, but its circulatory alterations remain obscure. In the present study, myocardial blood flow (MBF), blood mean transit time (MTT), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and consumption (MVO
2
), and efficiency of cardiac work were quantified in highly trained male endurance athletes and control subjects at rest and during supine cycling exercise using [
15
O]-labeled radiotracers and positron emission tomography. Heart rate and MBF were lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise. OEF increased in response to exercise in both groups, but was higher in athletes (70 ± 21 vs. 63 ± 11 % at rest and 86 ± 13 vs. 73 ± 10 % during exercise). MTT was longer and vascular resistance higher in athletes both at rest and during exercise, but arterial content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (oxygen affinity) was unchanged. MVO
2
per gram of myocardium trended (
p
= 0.08) lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise, while myocardial efficiency of work and MVO
2
per beat were not different between groups. Arterial levels of free fatty acids were ~twofold higher in athletes likely leading to higher myocardial fatty acid oxidation and hence oxygen cost, which may have blunted the bradycardia-induced decrease in MVO
2
. Finally, the observed group differences in MBF, OEF, MTT and vascular resistance remained significant also after they were controlled for differences in MVO
2
. In conclusion, in highly endurance-trained human heart, increased myocardial blood transition time enables higher oxygen extraction levels with a lower myocardial blood flow and higher vascular resistance. These physiological adaptations to exercise training occur independently of the level of oxygen consumption and together with training-induced bradycardia may serve as mechanisms to increase functional reserve of the human heart.</description><subject>2,3-Diphosphoglycerate - blood</subject><subject>Adaptation, Physiological</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Bicycling</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>Cardiac Output</subject><subject>Cardiology</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Coronary Circulation</subject><subject>Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood</subject><subject>Heart Rate</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - methods</subject><subject>Myocardium - metabolism</subject><subject>Original Contribution</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>Oxygen - blood</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption</subject><subject>Physical Endurance</subject><subject>Positron-Emission Tomography</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Vascular Resistance</subject><subject>Ventricular Function, Left</subject><issn>0300-8428</issn><issn>1435-1803</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc2OFCEUhYnROO3oA7gxJG5cDHr5q6KWZuJfMsaNrglVQDeTKhiBGi2fXtoejTFxxeJ-37nkHoSeUnhJAfpXBYAPkgAVBATlhN5DOyq4JFQBv492wAGIEkydoUelXEMDu44-RGdMqK6Tiu_Q7cctTSbbYGY8zilZ7Of0DZtocagF12xiCRXXsLgLnL5vexfxWsMcfpgaUrz4RTrvwxRcnDacPD6E_WHesIt2bfbkSAsJ0Vl8WBcT8cGZXB-jB97MxT25e8_Rl7dvPl--J1ef3n24fH1FJsFVJZ0fOi5HOxo1MA-MC94b5qRxXHFrqWJ2FMME0g9SAVgBtO97Bc4KY4_uOXpxyr3J6evqStVLKJObZxNdWoumkgNnVHaqoc__Qa_TmmP7XaMEHwQwOjSKnqgpp1Ky8_omh8XkTVPQx1L0qRTdbq2PpWjanGd3yeu4OPvH-N1CA9gJKG0U9y7_tfq_qT8ByDOXZg</recordid><startdate>20140701</startdate><enddate>20140701</enddate><creator>Heinonen, Ilkka</creator><creator>Kudomi, Nobuyuki</creator><creator>Kemppainen, Jukka</creator><creator>Kiviniemi, Antti</creator><creator>Noponen, Tommi</creator><creator>Luotolahti, Matti</creator><creator>Luoto, Pauliina</creator><creator>Oikonen, Vesa</creator><creator>Sipilä, Hannu T.</creator><creator>Kopra, Jaakko</creator><creator>Mononen, Ilkka</creator><creator>Duncker, Dirk J.</creator><creator>Knuuti, Juhani</creator><creator>Kalliokoski, Kari K.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140701</creationdate><title>Myocardial blood flow and its transit time, oxygen utilization, and efficiency of highly endurance-trained human heart</title><author>Heinonen, Ilkka ; Kudomi, Nobuyuki ; Kemppainen, Jukka ; Kiviniemi, Antti ; Noponen, Tommi ; Luotolahti, Matti ; Luoto, Pauliina ; Oikonen, Vesa ; Sipilä, Hannu T. ; Kopra, Jaakko ; Mononen, Ilkka ; Duncker, Dirk J. ; Knuuti, Juhani ; Kalliokoski, Kari K.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-6f9635bdba892f023437a2e5ae383dd182db49c05f95800d40177780ed4adf963</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>2,3-Diphosphoglycerate - blood</topic><topic>Adaptation, Physiological</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Bicycling</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>Cardiac Output</topic><topic>Cardiology</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Coronary Circulation</topic><topic>Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood</topic><topic>Heart Rate</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - methods</topic><topic>Myocardium - metabolism</topic><topic>Original Contribution</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>Oxygen - blood</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption</topic><topic>Physical Endurance</topic><topic>Positron-Emission Tomography</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Vascular Resistance</topic><topic>Ventricular Function, Left</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Heinonen, Ilkka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kudomi, Nobuyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemppainen, Jukka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiviniemi, Antti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noponen, Tommi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luotolahti, Matti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luoto, Pauliina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oikonen, Vesa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sipilä, Hannu T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kopra, Jaakko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mononen, Ilkka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duncker, Dirk J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knuuti, Juhani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kalliokoski, Kari K.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Biochemistry Abstracts 1</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Basic research in cardiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Heinonen, Ilkka</au><au>Kudomi, Nobuyuki</au><au>Kemppainen, Jukka</au><au>Kiviniemi, Antti</au><au>Noponen, Tommi</au><au>Luotolahti, Matti</au><au>Luoto, Pauliina</au><au>Oikonen, Vesa</au><au>Sipilä, Hannu T.</au><au>Kopra, Jaakko</au><au>Mononen, Ilkka</au><au>Duncker, Dirk J.</au><au>Knuuti, Juhani</au><au>Kalliokoski, Kari K.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Myocardial blood flow and its transit time, oxygen utilization, and efficiency of highly endurance-trained human heart</atitle><jtitle>Basic research in cardiology</jtitle><stitle>Basic Res Cardiol</stitle><addtitle>Basic Res Cardiol</addtitle><date>2014-07-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>109</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>413</spage><epage>413</epage><pages>413-413</pages><artnum>413</artnum><issn>0300-8428</issn><eissn>1435-1803</eissn><abstract>Highly endurance-trained athlete’s heart represents the most extreme form of cardiac adaptation to physical stress, but its circulatory alterations remain obscure. In the present study, myocardial blood flow (MBF), blood mean transit time (MTT), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and consumption (MVO
2
), and efficiency of cardiac work were quantified in highly trained male endurance athletes and control subjects at rest and during supine cycling exercise using [
15
O]-labeled radiotracers and positron emission tomography. Heart rate and MBF were lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise. OEF increased in response to exercise in both groups, but was higher in athletes (70 ± 21 vs. 63 ± 11 % at rest and 86 ± 13 vs. 73 ± 10 % during exercise). MTT was longer and vascular resistance higher in athletes both at rest and during exercise, but arterial content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (oxygen affinity) was unchanged. MVO
2
per gram of myocardium trended (
p
= 0.08) lower in athletes both at rest and during exercise, while myocardial efficiency of work and MVO
2
per beat were not different between groups. Arterial levels of free fatty acids were ~twofold higher in athletes likely leading to higher myocardial fatty acid oxidation and hence oxygen cost, which may have blunted the bradycardia-induced decrease in MVO
2
. Finally, the observed group differences in MBF, OEF, MTT and vascular resistance remained significant also after they were controlled for differences in MVO
2
. In conclusion, in highly endurance-trained human heart, increased myocardial blood transition time enables higher oxygen extraction levels with a lower myocardial blood flow and higher vascular resistance. These physiological adaptations to exercise training occur independently of the level of oxygen consumption and together with training-induced bradycardia may serve as mechanisms to increase functional reserve of the human heart.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>24866583</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00395-014-0413-1</doi><tpages>1</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0300-8428 |
| ispartof | Basic research in cardiology, 2014-07, Vol.109 (4), p.413-413, Article 413 |
| issn | 0300-8428 1435-1803 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate - blood Adaptation, Physiological Adult Bicycling Biomarkers - blood Cardiac Output Cardiology Case-Control Studies Coronary Circulation Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood Heart Rate Humans Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - methods Myocardium - metabolism Original Contribution Oxidation-Reduction Oxygen - blood Oxygen Consumption Physical Endurance Positron-Emission Tomography Time Factors Vascular Resistance Ventricular Function, Left |
| title | Myocardial blood flow and its transit time, oxygen utilization, and efficiency of highly endurance-trained human heart |
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