Reproduction in Black Bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
We collected information related to reproduction in black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee during 1972-82. We observed females in estrus from 5 June to 12 September, and most breeding activity from 24 June to 21 July. Females in ground dens had mean litter sizes of 2....
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Journal of wildlife management 1989-04, Vol.53 (2), p.353-360 |
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| container_title | The Journal of wildlife management |
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| creator | Eiler, John H. Wathen, W. Gregory Pelton, Michael R. |
| description | We collected information related to reproduction in black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee during 1972-82. We observed females in estrus from 5 June to 12 September, and most breeding activity from 24 June to 21 July. Females in ground dens had mean litter sizes of 2.6 cubs; mean litter size for females with yearlings in ground dens was 2.2. Most females gave birth for the first time at 4 or 5 years of age (range = 2-5 yr). Females usually gave birth every other year, but 8 of 23 females exhibited skips between years. The loss of entire litters was not common although we observed mortality within litters. The availability of hard mast during fall affected minimum reproductive age, productivity, and cub survival. Maximizing hard mast production and promoting secondary fall foods should enhance reproduction and survival of black bears in the southern Appalachian Mountains. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2307/3801137 |
| format | Article |
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Gregory ; Pelton, Michael R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Eiler, John H. ; Wathen, W. Gregory ; Pelton, Michael R.</creatorcontrib><description>We collected information related to reproduction in black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee during 1972-82. We observed females in estrus from 5 June to 12 September, and most breeding activity from 24 June to 21 July. Females in ground dens had mean litter sizes of 2.6 cubs; mean litter size for females with yearlings in ground dens was 2.2. Most females gave birth for the first time at 4 or 5 years of age (range = 2-5 yr). Females usually gave birth every other year, but 8 of 23 females exhibited skips between years. The loss of entire litters was not common although we observed mortality within litters. The availability of hard mast during fall affected minimum reproductive age, productivity, and cub survival. Maximizing hard mast production and promoting secondary fall foods should enhance reproduction and survival of black bears in the southern Appalachian Mountains.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-541X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1937-2817</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2307/3801137</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JWMAA9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; Animal reproduction ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Autoecology ; Bears ; Biological and medical sciences ; Black bears ; Breeding ; Estrus ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Litter size ; Mammalia ; Mating behavior ; Mortality ; Mountains ; National parks ; Reproduction ; Ursus americanus ; Vertebrata ; Yearlings</subject><ispartof>The Journal of wildlife management, 1989-04, Vol.53 (2), p.353-360</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1989 The Wildlife Society</rights><rights>1990 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Wildlife Society Apr 1989</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c405t-dfb5fcc5e5b8a8328cb661709cc2f36b3d4ea06bdfb7f4f95e89b62f33457eda3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3801137$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3801137$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=6965491$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Eiler, John H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wathen, W. Gregory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pelton, Michael R.</creatorcontrib><title>Reproduction in Black Bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains</title><title>The Journal of wildlife management</title><description>We collected information related to reproduction in black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee during 1972-82. We observed females in estrus from 5 June to 12 September, and most breeding activity from 24 June to 21 July. Females in ground dens had mean litter sizes of 2.6 cubs; mean litter size for females with yearlings in ground dens was 2.2. Most females gave birth for the first time at 4 or 5 years of age (range = 2-5 yr). Females usually gave birth every other year, but 8 of 23 females exhibited skips between years. The loss of entire litters was not common although we observed mortality within litters. The availability of hard mast during fall affected minimum reproductive age, productivity, and cub survival. Maximizing hard mast production and promoting secondary fall foods should enhance reproduction and survival of black bears in the southern Appalachian Mountains.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal reproduction</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Autoecology</subject><subject>Bears</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Black bears</subject><subject>Breeding</subject><subject>Estrus</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Litter size</subject><subject>Mammalia</subject><subject>Mating behavior</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Mountains</subject><subject>National parks</subject><subject>Reproduction</subject><subject>Ursus americanus</subject><subject>Vertebrata</subject><subject>Yearlings</subject><issn>0022-541X</issn><issn>1937-2817</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1989</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10F1LwzAUBuAgCs4p_oUiolfVnHw1vdyGXzAR_ADvSpolrLNLatJe-O_N2FAQvHo5nIeXw0HoFPAVobi4phID0GIPjaCkRU4kFPtohDEhOWfwfoiOYlxhTAGkGKHJs-mCXwy6b7zLGpdNW6U_sqlRIW7GfmmyFz-kCC6bdJ1K62WjXPboB9erxsVjdGBVG83JLsfo7fbmdXafz5_uHmaTea4Z5n2-sDW3WnPDa6kkJVLXQkCBS62JpaKmC2YUFnVyhWW25EaWtUgrynhhFoqO0cW2N937OZjYV-smatO2yhk_xAo4ASEBJ3j2B678EFy6rSKUATBKIaHLLdLBxxiMrbrQrFX4qgBXmz9Wuz8meb6rU1Gr1gbldBN_uCgFZyX8slXsffi37Rvz8XvT</recordid><startdate>19890401</startdate><enddate>19890401</enddate><creator>Eiler, John H.</creator><creator>Wathen, W. Gregory</creator><creator>Pelton, Michael R.</creator><general>The Wildlife Society</general><general>Wildlife Society</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19890401</creationdate><title>Reproduction in Black Bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains</title><author>Eiler, John H. ; Wathen, W. Gregory ; Pelton, Michael R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c405t-dfb5fcc5e5b8a8328cb661709cc2f36b3d4ea06bdfb7f4f95e89b62f33457eda3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1989</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal reproduction</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Autoecology</topic><topic>Bears</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Black bears</topic><topic>Breeding</topic><topic>Estrus</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Litter size</topic><topic>Mammalia</topic><topic>Mating behavior</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Mountains</topic><topic>National parks</topic><topic>Reproduction</topic><topic>Ursus americanus</topic><topic>Vertebrata</topic><topic>Yearlings</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Eiler, John H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wathen, W. Gregory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pelton, Michael R.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>The Journal of wildlife management</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Eiler, John H.</au><au>Wathen, W. Gregory</au><au>Pelton, Michael R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Reproduction in Black Bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of wildlife management</jtitle><date>1989-04-01</date><risdate>1989</risdate><volume>53</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>353</spage><epage>360</epage><pages>353-360</pages><issn>0022-541X</issn><eissn>1937-2817</eissn><coden>JWMAA9</coden><abstract>We collected information related to reproduction in black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee during 1972-82. We observed females in estrus from 5 June to 12 September, and most breeding activity from 24 June to 21 July. Females in ground dens had mean litter sizes of 2.6 cubs; mean litter size for females with yearlings in ground dens was 2.2. Most females gave birth for the first time at 4 or 5 years of age (range = 2-5 yr). Females usually gave birth every other year, but 8 of 23 females exhibited skips between years. The loss of entire litters was not common although we observed mortality within litters. The availability of hard mast during fall affected minimum reproductive age, productivity, and cub survival. Maximizing hard mast production and promoting secondary fall foods should enhance reproduction and survival of black bears in the southern Appalachian Mountains.</abstract><cop>Bethesda, MD</cop><pub>The Wildlife Society</pub><doi>10.2307/3801137</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0022-541X |
| ispartof | The Journal of wildlife management, 1989-04, Vol.53 (2), p.353-360 |
| issn | 0022-541X 1937-2817 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_15216810 |
| source | JSTOR |
| subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal reproduction Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Autoecology Bears Biological and medical sciences Black bears Breeding Estrus Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Litter size Mammalia Mating behavior Mortality Mountains National parks Reproduction Ursus americanus Vertebrata Yearlings |
| title | Reproduction in Black Bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains |
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