Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats
ABSTRACT Ethanol is known as a potent teratogen having adverse effects on brain and behavior. However, some of the behavioral deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure and well expressed in juveniles ameliorate with maturation may suggest some kind of functional recovery occurring during postnatal d...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.) N.J.), 2014-05, Vol.74 (5), p.498-513 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 513 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 5 |
| container_start_page | 498 |
| container_title | Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.) |
| container_volume | 74 |
| creator | Elibol‐Can, Birsen Dursun, Ilknur Telkes, Ilknur Kilic, Ertugrul Canan, Sinan Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa |
| description | ABSTRACT
Ethanol is known as a potent teratogen having adverse effects on brain and behavior. However, some of the behavioral deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure and well expressed in juveniles ameliorate with maturation may suggest some kind of functional recovery occurring during postnatal development. The aim of this study was to reexamine age‐dependent behavioral impairments in fetal‐alcohol rats and to investigate the changes in neurogenesis and gross morphology of the hippocampus during a protracted postnatal period searching for developmental deficits and/or delays that would correlate with behavioral impairments in juveniles and for potential compensatory processes responsible for their amelioration in adults. Ethanol was delivered to the pregnant dams by intragastric intubation throughout 7–21 gestation days at daily dose of 6 g/kg. Isocaloric intubation and intact control groups were included. Locomotor activity, anxiety, and spatial learning tasks were applied to juvenile and young‐adult rats from all groups. Unbiased stereological estimates of hippocampal volumes, the total number of pyramidal and granular cells, and double cortin expressing neurons were carried out for postnatal days (PDs) PD1, PD10, PD30, and PD60. Alcohol insult during second trimester equivalent caused significant deficits in the spatial learning in juvenile rats; however, its effect on hippocampal morphology was limited to a marginally lower number of granular cells in dentate gyrus (DG) on PD30. Thus, initial behavioral deficits and the following functional recovery in fetal‐alcohol subjects may be due to more subtle plastic changes within the hippocampal formation but also in other structures of the extended hippocampal circuit. Further investigation is required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 498–513, 2014 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/dneu.22143 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1520386685</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3271089951</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3903-1cf658b55938c3c30b753e72432e35b35cb87462104bc9b818bbc2504bd9ae023</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU1OHDEQhS1EFAjJhgNElthEEUP80-5xLxEZQiQEmyBl17Ld1RmjbrvxD2F2OQJn5CTxMMCCBZuqsv3V07MeQvuUHFFC2LfOQT5ijFZ8C-3ShrOZrOrf2y-zoDvoQ4zXhAjOavIe7bCKEyYatovuF3dqtE4l6x32PT7-Aw__7juYwHXgEoa-B5Pi-qmHpAYMaamcL_1u8jEHwGVPw1LdWh8O8dJOkzdqnAppYCjFZ5fiIVauw53PegDjQ7IO23HMzgdQJtlbm1a43AWV4kf0rldDhE9PfQ9dnS5-nZzNzi9__Dw5Pp8Z3hA-o6avhdRCNFwabjjRc8FhXj7GgAvNhdFyXtWMkkqbRksqtTZMlFPXKCCM76EvG90p-JsMMbWjjWvLyoHPsaWCES7rWoqCHrxCr30OrrgrFK1Y08g5KdTXDWWCjzFA307BjiqsWkradU7tOqf2MacCf36SzHqE7gV9DqYAdAP8tQOs3pBqv18srjai_wE6iaAU</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1514299870</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats</title><source>Wiley-Blackwell Journals</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Backfiles (Open Access)</source><source>EZB Electronic Journals Library</source><creator>Elibol‐Can, Birsen ; Dursun, Ilknur ; Telkes, Ilknur ; Kilic, Ertugrul ; Canan, Sinan ; Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</creator><creatorcontrib>Elibol‐Can, Birsen ; Dursun, Ilknur ; Telkes, Ilknur ; Kilic, Ertugrul ; Canan, Sinan ; Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</creatorcontrib><description>ABSTRACT
Ethanol is known as a potent teratogen having adverse effects on brain and behavior. However, some of the behavioral deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure and well expressed in juveniles ameliorate with maturation may suggest some kind of functional recovery occurring during postnatal development. The aim of this study was to reexamine age‐dependent behavioral impairments in fetal‐alcohol rats and to investigate the changes in neurogenesis and gross morphology of the hippocampus during a protracted postnatal period searching for developmental deficits and/or delays that would correlate with behavioral impairments in juveniles and for potential compensatory processes responsible for their amelioration in adults. Ethanol was delivered to the pregnant dams by intragastric intubation throughout 7–21 gestation days at daily dose of 6 g/kg. Isocaloric intubation and intact control groups were included. Locomotor activity, anxiety, and spatial learning tasks were applied to juvenile and young‐adult rats from all groups. Unbiased stereological estimates of hippocampal volumes, the total number of pyramidal and granular cells, and double cortin expressing neurons were carried out for postnatal days (PDs) PD1, PD10, PD30, and PD60. Alcohol insult during second trimester equivalent caused significant deficits in the spatial learning in juvenile rats; however, its effect on hippocampal morphology was limited to a marginally lower number of granular cells in dentate gyrus (DG) on PD30. Thus, initial behavioral deficits and the following functional recovery in fetal‐alcohol subjects may be due to more subtle plastic changes within the hippocampal formation but also in other structures of the extended hippocampal circuit. Further investigation is required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 498–513, 2014</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-8451</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-846X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22143</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24302592</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Behavior, Animal - drug effects ; Behavior, Animal - physiology ; Cell Count ; Central Nervous System Depressants - adverse effects ; doublecortin immunoreactivity ; Ethanol - toxicity ; Exploratory Behavior - drug effects ; Exploratory Behavior - physiology ; Female ; fetal alcohol ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - pathology ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - physiopathology ; Hippocampus - drug effects ; Hippocampus - growth & development ; Hippocampus - pathology ; Hippocampus - physiopathology ; Male ; Maze Learning - drug effects ; Maze Learning - physiology ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins - metabolism ; Neurogenesis - drug effects ; Neurogenesis - physiology ; Neurons - drug effects ; Neurons - pathology ; Neurons - physiology ; Neuropeptides - metabolism ; Organ Size ; postnatal hippocampal development ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Pyramidal Cells - drug effects ; Pyramidal Cells - growth & development ; Pyramidal Cells - pathology ; Pyramidal Cells - physiology ; rat ; Rats, Wistar ; unbiased stereology</subject><ispartof>Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2014-05, Vol.74 (5), p.498-513</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3903-1cf658b55938c3c30b753e72432e35b35cb87462104bc9b818bbc2504bd9ae023</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3903-1cf658b55938c3c30b753e72432e35b35cb87462104bc9b818bbc2504bd9ae023</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fdneu.22143$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fdneu.22143$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,1427,27901,27902,45550,45551,46384,46808</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24302592$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Elibol‐Can, Birsen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dursun, Ilknur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Telkes, Ilknur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kilic, Ertugrul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Canan, Sinan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</creatorcontrib><title>Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats</title><title>Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.)</title><addtitle>Dev Neurobiol</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Ethanol is known as a potent teratogen having adverse effects on brain and behavior. However, some of the behavioral deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure and well expressed in juveniles ameliorate with maturation may suggest some kind of functional recovery occurring during postnatal development. The aim of this study was to reexamine age‐dependent behavioral impairments in fetal‐alcohol rats and to investigate the changes in neurogenesis and gross morphology of the hippocampus during a protracted postnatal period searching for developmental deficits and/or delays that would correlate with behavioral impairments in juveniles and for potential compensatory processes responsible for their amelioration in adults. Ethanol was delivered to the pregnant dams by intragastric intubation throughout 7–21 gestation days at daily dose of 6 g/kg. Isocaloric intubation and intact control groups were included. Locomotor activity, anxiety, and spatial learning tasks were applied to juvenile and young‐adult rats from all groups. Unbiased stereological estimates of hippocampal volumes, the total number of pyramidal and granular cells, and double cortin expressing neurons were carried out for postnatal days (PDs) PD1, PD10, PD30, and PD60. Alcohol insult during second trimester equivalent caused significant deficits in the spatial learning in juvenile rats; however, its effect on hippocampal morphology was limited to a marginally lower number of granular cells in dentate gyrus (DG) on PD30. Thus, initial behavioral deficits and the following functional recovery in fetal‐alcohol subjects may be due to more subtle plastic changes within the hippocampal formation but also in other structures of the extended hippocampal circuit. Further investigation is required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 498–513, 2014</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - drug effects</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Cell Count</subject><subject>Central Nervous System Depressants - adverse effects</subject><subject>doublecortin immunoreactivity</subject><subject>Ethanol - toxicity</subject><subject>Exploratory Behavior - drug effects</subject><subject>Exploratory Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>fetal alcohol</subject><subject>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - pathology</subject><subject>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - physiopathology</subject><subject>Hippocampus - drug effects</subject><subject>Hippocampus - growth & development</subject><subject>Hippocampus - pathology</subject><subject>Hippocampus - physiopathology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Maze Learning - drug effects</subject><subject>Maze Learning - physiology</subject><subject>Microtubule-Associated Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Neurogenesis - drug effects</subject><subject>Neurogenesis - physiology</subject><subject>Neurons - drug effects</subject><subject>Neurons - pathology</subject><subject>Neurons - physiology</subject><subject>Neuropeptides - metabolism</subject><subject>Organ Size</subject><subject>postnatal hippocampal development</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects</subject><subject>Pyramidal Cells - drug effects</subject><subject>Pyramidal Cells - growth & development</subject><subject>Pyramidal Cells - pathology</subject><subject>Pyramidal Cells - physiology</subject><subject>rat</subject><subject>Rats, Wistar</subject><subject>unbiased stereology</subject><issn>1932-8451</issn><issn>1932-846X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1OHDEQhS1EFAjJhgNElthEEUP80-5xLxEZQiQEmyBl17Ld1RmjbrvxD2F2OQJn5CTxMMCCBZuqsv3V07MeQvuUHFFC2LfOQT5ijFZ8C-3ShrOZrOrf2y-zoDvoQ4zXhAjOavIe7bCKEyYatovuF3dqtE4l6x32PT7-Aw__7juYwHXgEoa-B5Pi-qmHpAYMaamcL_1u8jEHwGVPw1LdWh8O8dJOkzdqnAppYCjFZ5fiIVauw53PegDjQ7IO23HMzgdQJtlbm1a43AWV4kf0rldDhE9PfQ9dnS5-nZzNzi9__Dw5Pp8Z3hA-o6avhdRCNFwabjjRc8FhXj7GgAvNhdFyXtWMkkqbRksqtTZMlFPXKCCM76EvG90p-JsMMbWjjWvLyoHPsaWCES7rWoqCHrxCr30OrrgrFK1Y08g5KdTXDWWCjzFA307BjiqsWkradU7tOqf2MacCf36SzHqE7gV9DqYAdAP8tQOs3pBqv18srjai_wE6iaAU</recordid><startdate>201405</startdate><enddate>201405</enddate><creator>Elibol‐Can, Birsen</creator><creator>Dursun, Ilknur</creator><creator>Telkes, Ilknur</creator><creator>Kilic, Ertugrul</creator><creator>Canan, Sinan</creator><creator>Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201405</creationdate><title>Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats</title><author>Elibol‐Can, Birsen ; Dursun, Ilknur ; Telkes, Ilknur ; Kilic, Ertugrul ; Canan, Sinan ; Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3903-1cf658b55938c3c30b753e72432e35b35cb87462104bc9b818bbc2504bd9ae023</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - drug effects</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - physiology</topic><topic>Cell Count</topic><topic>Central Nervous System Depressants - adverse effects</topic><topic>doublecortin immunoreactivity</topic><topic>Ethanol - toxicity</topic><topic>Exploratory Behavior - drug effects</topic><topic>Exploratory Behavior - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>fetal alcohol</topic><topic>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - pathology</topic><topic>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - physiopathology</topic><topic>Hippocampus - drug effects</topic><topic>Hippocampus - growth & development</topic><topic>Hippocampus - pathology</topic><topic>Hippocampus - physiopathology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Maze Learning - drug effects</topic><topic>Maze Learning - physiology</topic><topic>Microtubule-Associated Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Neurogenesis - drug effects</topic><topic>Neurogenesis - physiology</topic><topic>Neurons - drug effects</topic><topic>Neurons - pathology</topic><topic>Neurons - physiology</topic><topic>Neuropeptides - metabolism</topic><topic>Organ Size</topic><topic>postnatal hippocampal development</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects</topic><topic>Pyramidal Cells - drug effects</topic><topic>Pyramidal Cells - growth & development</topic><topic>Pyramidal Cells - pathology</topic><topic>Pyramidal Cells - physiology</topic><topic>rat</topic><topic>Rats, Wistar</topic><topic>unbiased stereology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Elibol‐Can, Birsen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dursun, Ilknur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Telkes, Ilknur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kilic, Ertugrul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Canan, Sinan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><jtitle>Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Elibol‐Can, Birsen</au><au>Dursun, Ilknur</au><au>Telkes, Ilknur</au><au>Kilic, Ertugrul</au><au>Canan, Sinan</au><au>Jakubowska‐Dogru, Ewa</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats</atitle><jtitle>Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.)</jtitle><addtitle>Dev Neurobiol</addtitle><date>2014-05</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>74</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>498</spage><epage>513</epage><pages>498-513</pages><issn>1932-8451</issn><eissn>1932-846X</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
Ethanol is known as a potent teratogen having adverse effects on brain and behavior. However, some of the behavioral deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure and well expressed in juveniles ameliorate with maturation may suggest some kind of functional recovery occurring during postnatal development. The aim of this study was to reexamine age‐dependent behavioral impairments in fetal‐alcohol rats and to investigate the changes in neurogenesis and gross morphology of the hippocampus during a protracted postnatal period searching for developmental deficits and/or delays that would correlate with behavioral impairments in juveniles and for potential compensatory processes responsible for their amelioration in adults. Ethanol was delivered to the pregnant dams by intragastric intubation throughout 7–21 gestation days at daily dose of 6 g/kg. Isocaloric intubation and intact control groups were included. Locomotor activity, anxiety, and spatial learning tasks were applied to juvenile and young‐adult rats from all groups. Unbiased stereological estimates of hippocampal volumes, the total number of pyramidal and granular cells, and double cortin expressing neurons were carried out for postnatal days (PDs) PD1, PD10, PD30, and PD60. Alcohol insult during second trimester equivalent caused significant deficits in the spatial learning in juvenile rats; however, its effect on hippocampal morphology was limited to a marginally lower number of granular cells in dentate gyrus (DG) on PD30. Thus, initial behavioral deficits and the following functional recovery in fetal‐alcohol subjects may be due to more subtle plastic changes within the hippocampal formation but also in other structures of the extended hippocampal circuit. Further investigation is required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 498–513, 2014</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>24302592</pmid><doi>10.1002/dneu.22143</doi><tpages>16</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-8451 |
| ispartof | Developmental neurobiology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2014-05, Vol.74 (5), p.498-513 |
| issn | 1932-8451 1932-846X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1520386685 |
| source | Wiley-Blackwell Journals; MEDLINE; Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Backfiles (Open Access); EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Animals Behavior, Animal - drug effects Behavior, Animal - physiology Cell Count Central Nervous System Depressants - adverse effects doublecortin immunoreactivity Ethanol - toxicity Exploratory Behavior - drug effects Exploratory Behavior - physiology Female fetal alcohol Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - pathology Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - physiopathology Hippocampus - drug effects Hippocampus - growth & development Hippocampus - pathology Hippocampus - physiopathology Male Maze Learning - drug effects Maze Learning - physiology Microtubule-Associated Proteins - metabolism Neurogenesis - drug effects Neurogenesis - physiology Neurons - drug effects Neurons - pathology Neurons - physiology Neuropeptides - metabolism Organ Size postnatal hippocampal development Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Pyramidal Cells - drug effects Pyramidal Cells - growth & development Pyramidal Cells - pathology Pyramidal Cells - physiology rat Rats, Wistar unbiased stereology |
| title | Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-04T15%3A15%3A09IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Examination%20of%20Age%E2%80%90dependent%20effects%20of%20fetal%20ethanol%20exposure%20on%20behavior,%20hippocampal%20cell%20counts,%20and%20doublecortin%20immunoreactivity%20in%20rats&rft.jtitle=Developmental%20neurobiology%20(Hoboken,%20N.J.)&rft.au=Elibol%E2%80%90Can,%20Birsen&rft.date=2014-05&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=498&rft.epage=513&rft.pages=498-513&rft.issn=1932-8451&rft.eissn=1932-846X&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/dneu.22143&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E3271089951%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1514299870&rft_id=info:pmid/24302592&rfr_iscdi=true |