I Can See, Hear, and Smell Your Fear: Comparing Olfactory and Audiovisual Media in Fear Communication
Recent evidence suggests that humans can become fearful after exposure to olfactory fear signals, yet these studies have reported the effects of fear chemosignals without examining emotion-relevant input from traditional communication modalities (i.e., vision, audition). The question that we pursued...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of experimental psychology. General 2014-04, Vol.143 (2), p.825-834 |
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| container_title | Journal of experimental psychology. General |
| container_volume | 143 |
| creator | de Groot, Jasper H. B. Semin, Gün R. Smeets, Monique A. M. |
| description | Recent evidence suggests that humans can become fearful after exposure to olfactory fear signals, yet these studies have reported the effects of fear chemosignals without examining emotion-relevant input from traditional communication modalities (i.e., vision, audition). The question that we pursued here was therefore: How significant is an olfactory fear signal in the broader context of audiovisual input that either confirms or contradicts olfactory information? To test this, we manipulated olfactory (fear, no fear) and audiovisual (fear, no fear) information and demonstrated that olfactory fear signals were as potent as audiovisual fear signals in eliciting a fearful facial expression. Irrespective of confirmatory or contradictory audiovisual information, olfactory fear signals produced by senders induced fear in receivers outside of conscious access. These findings run counter to traditional views that emotions are communicated exclusively via visual and linguistic channels. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/a0033731 |
| format | Article |
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B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Semin, Gün R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smeets, Monique A. M.</creatorcontrib><title>I Can See, Hear, and Smell Your Fear: Comparing Olfactory and Audiovisual Media in Fear Communication</title><title>Journal of experimental psychology. General</title><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Gen</addtitle><description>Recent evidence suggests that humans can become fearful after exposure to olfactory fear signals, yet these studies have reported the effects of fear chemosignals without examining emotion-relevant input from traditional communication modalities (i.e., vision, audition). The question that we pursued here was therefore: How significant is an olfactory fear signal in the broader context of audiovisual input that either confirms or contradicts olfactory information? To test this, we manipulated olfactory (fear, no fear) and audiovisual (fear, no fear) information and demonstrated that olfactory fear signals were as potent as audiovisual fear signals in eliciting a fearful facial expression. Irrespective of confirmatory or contradictory audiovisual information, olfactory fear signals produced by senders induced fear in receivers outside of conscious access. These findings run counter to traditional views that emotions are communicated exclusively via visual and linguistic channels.</description><subject>Anxiety - psychology</subject><subject>Audiovisual Communications Media</subject><subject>Auditory Perception</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Chemosensory perception</subject><subject>Communication</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>Contagion</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>Emotions</subject><subject>Facial Expression</subject><subject>Fear</subject><subject>Fear & phobias</subject><subject>Fear - psychology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Multimodal perception</subject><subject>Olfactory Perception</subject><subject>Perception</subject><subject>Psychological Tests</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Smell</subject><subject>Sweat</subject><subject>Visual Perception</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0096-3445</issn><issn>1939-2222</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1v1DAQhi0EosuCxC9AllAlDhsYfybhVq0ordSqh8KBkzVxnMpV4gQ7Qd1_j7fdUolD5zLS-JnxO_MS8p7BZwai_IIAQpSCvSArVou64DlekhVArQshpToib1K6hRyi0q_JEReVUrJWK-LO6RYDvXZuQ88cxg3F0NLrwfU9_TUukZ7m4le6HYcJow839Krv0M5j3N2DJ0vrxz8-LdjTS9d6pD7ct-w7hiV4i7Mfw1vyqsM-uXeHvCY_T7_92J4VF1ffz7cnFwVK0HOBVjcKGmFZJztWSgmIzGrdIHSYH0ou6qqWqm5LoSxrgbdgFectgmqYrsWafHqYO8Xx9-LSbAafbN4FgxuXZJhi-TKK5Vutycf_0Nu8bsjq9lStWVlp_SwlATRnWebTtzaOKUXXmSn6AePOMDB7g8yjQRn9cBi4NINr_4GPjmTg-ABgsth3EYP16Ymr5N5QyNzmgcMJzZR2FuPsbe-SXWJ0YTZ3Ny5rFIabiivxF3QVouU</recordid><startdate>20140401</startdate><enddate>20140401</enddate><creator>de Groot, Jasper H. 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M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a406t-ac6b50b3c1f4f17440aa1c66ba0fa50b723989459d735c1d02d0c522da05b1693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Anxiety - psychology</topic><topic>Audiovisual Communications Media</topic><topic>Auditory Perception</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Chemosensory perception</topic><topic>Communication</topic><topic>Comparative analysis</topic><topic>Contagion</topic><topic>Electromyography</topic><topic>Emotions</topic><topic>Facial Expression</topic><topic>Fear</topic><topic>Fear & phobias</topic><topic>Fear - psychology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Multimodal perception</topic><topic>Olfactory Perception</topic><topic>Perception</topic><topic>Psychological Tests</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Smell</topic><topic>Sweat</topic><topic>Visual Perception</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>de Groot, Jasper H. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Semin, Gün R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smeets, Monique A. 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General</jtitle><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Gen</addtitle><date>2014-04-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>143</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>825</spage><epage>834</epage><pages>825-834</pages><issn>0096-3445</issn><eissn>1939-2222</eissn><coden>JPGEDD</coden><abstract>Recent evidence suggests that humans can become fearful after exposure to olfactory fear signals, yet these studies have reported the effects of fear chemosignals without examining emotion-relevant input from traditional communication modalities (i.e., vision, audition). The question that we pursued here was therefore: How significant is an olfactory fear signal in the broader context of audiovisual input that either confirms or contradicts olfactory information? To test this, we manipulated olfactory (fear, no fear) and audiovisual (fear, no fear) information and demonstrated that olfactory fear signals were as potent as audiovisual fear signals in eliciting a fearful facial expression. 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| subjects | Anxiety - psychology Audiovisual Communications Media Auditory Perception Biological and medical sciences Chemosensory perception Communication Comparative analysis Contagion Electromyography Emotions Facial Expression Fear Fear & phobias Fear - psychology Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Human Humans Male Multimodal perception Olfactory Perception Perception Psychological Tests Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Smell Sweat Visual Perception Young Adult |
| title | I Can See, Hear, and Smell Your Fear: Comparing Olfactory and Audiovisual Media in Fear Communication |
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