Endotoxin levels in settled airborne dust in European schools: the HITEA school study
Indoor exposure to microbial agents is known to influence respiratory health. Besides home exposure, exposure in schools can affect respiratory health. In this study, we measured endotoxin in settled dust in primary schools in three European countries from three different geographical regions with d...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Indoor air 2014-04, Vol.24 (2), p.148-157 |
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creator | Jacobs, J. H. Krop, E. J. M. Borras-Santos, A. Zock, J.-P. Taubel, M. Hyvarinnen, A. Pekkanen, J. Doekes, G. Heederik, D. J. J. |
description | Indoor exposure to microbial agents is known to influence respiratory health. Besides home exposure, exposure in schools can affect respiratory health. In this study, we measured endotoxin in settled dust in primary schools in three European countries from three different geographical regions with different climates. Our aim was to characterize endotoxin levels in primary schools and evaluate associations with potential determinants. Endotoxin levels were repeatedly assessed in 23 schools in Spain (n = 7), the Netherlands (n = 10), and Finland (n = 6) using electrostatic dustfall collectors. In total, 645 measurements were taken in 237 classrooms. Endotoxin levels differed significantly between countries; Dutch schools had the highest levels, while Finnish schools showed the lowest levels. In each country, differences in endotoxin levels were observed between schools and over the sampling periods. Estimates improved after adjustment for sampling period. Factors affecting endotoxin levels in a school differed per country. In general, endotoxin levels were higher in lower grades and in classrooms with higher occupancy. School endotoxin levels may contribute significantly to total endotoxin exposure in children and teachers. As the correlation between the repeated measurements is reasonable, single endotoxin measurements form a reasonable basis for estimating annual endotoxin levels in schools. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/ina.12064 |
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H. ; Krop, E. J. M. ; Borras-Santos, A. ; Zock, J.-P. ; Taubel, M. ; Hyvarinnen, A. ; Pekkanen, J. ; Doekes, G. ; Heederik, D. J. J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Jacobs, J. H. ; Krop, E. J. M. ; Borras-Santos, A. ; Zock, J.-P. ; Taubel, M. ; Hyvarinnen, A. ; Pekkanen, J. ; Doekes, G. ; Heederik, D. J. J. ; HITEA schools study consortium ; HITEA schools study consortium</creatorcontrib><description>Indoor exposure to microbial agents is known to influence respiratory health. Besides home exposure, exposure in schools can affect respiratory health. In this study, we measured endotoxin in settled dust in primary schools in three European countries from three different geographical regions with different climates. Our aim was to characterize endotoxin levels in primary schools and evaluate associations with potential determinants. Endotoxin levels were repeatedly assessed in 23 schools in Spain (n = 7), the Netherlands (n = 10), and Finland (n = 6) using electrostatic dustfall collectors. In total, 645 measurements were taken in 237 classrooms. Endotoxin levels differed significantly between countries; Dutch schools had the highest levels, while Finnish schools showed the lowest levels. In each country, differences in endotoxin levels were observed between schools and over the sampling periods. Estimates improved after adjustment for sampling period. Factors affecting endotoxin levels in a school differed per country. In general, endotoxin levels were higher in lower grades and in classrooms with higher occupancy. School endotoxin levels may contribute significantly to total endotoxin exposure in children and teachers. As the correlation between the repeated measurements is reasonable, single endotoxin measurements form a reasonable basis for estimating annual endotoxin levels in schools.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0905-6947</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0668</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/ina.12064</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23927557</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Dust ; Dust - analysis ; Electrostatic dustfall collector ; Endotoxin ; Endotoxins - analysis ; Europe ; Exposure assessment ; Indoor air ; Indoor air quality ; Schools ; Schools - statistics & numerical data ; Toxins</subject><ispartof>Indoor air, 2014-04, Vol.24 (2), p.148-157</ispartof><rights>2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4264-512ca5947589b24eff1ef13f087fe50037b9de74ec4a3d8669826b43ac3326803</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4264-512ca5947589b24eff1ef13f087fe50037b9de74ec4a3d8669826b43ac3326803</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fina.12064$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fina.12064$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23927557$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jacobs, J. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krop, E. J. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borras-Santos, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zock, J.-P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taubel, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hyvarinnen, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pekkanen, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doekes, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heederik, D. J. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HITEA schools study consortium</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HITEA schools study consortium</creatorcontrib><title>Endotoxin levels in settled airborne dust in European schools: the HITEA school study</title><title>Indoor air</title><addtitle>Indoor Air</addtitle><description>Indoor exposure to microbial agents is known to influence respiratory health. Besides home exposure, exposure in schools can affect respiratory health. In this study, we measured endotoxin in settled dust in primary schools in three European countries from three different geographical regions with different climates. Our aim was to characterize endotoxin levels in primary schools and evaluate associations with potential determinants. Endotoxin levels were repeatedly assessed in 23 schools in Spain (n = 7), the Netherlands (n = 10), and Finland (n = 6) using electrostatic dustfall collectors. In total, 645 measurements were taken in 237 classrooms. Endotoxin levels differed significantly between countries; Dutch schools had the highest levels, while Finnish schools showed the lowest levels. In each country, differences in endotoxin levels were observed between schools and over the sampling periods. Estimates improved after adjustment for sampling period. Factors affecting endotoxin levels in a school differed per country. In general, endotoxin levels were higher in lower grades and in classrooms with higher occupancy. School endotoxin levels may contribute significantly to total endotoxin exposure in children and teachers. As the correlation between the repeated measurements is reasonable, single endotoxin measurements form a reasonable basis for estimating annual endotoxin levels in schools.</description><subject>Dust</subject><subject>Dust - analysis</subject><subject>Electrostatic dustfall collector</subject><subject>Endotoxin</subject><subject>Endotoxins - analysis</subject><subject>Europe</subject><subject>Exposure assessment</subject><subject>Indoor air</subject><subject>Indoor air quality</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Schools - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><issn>0905-6947</issn><issn>1600-0668</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp10E9P2zAYBnBrAo2ucOALoEhctkPg9f9kt451UIGKhEDbzXKSNyIsjYudbPTbz11bDkj4Ysv--dGrh5BjCmc0rvOms2eUgRIfyIgqgBSUyvbICHKQqcqFPiCfQngCoJrn_CM5YDxnWko9Ig_TrnK9e2m6pMU_2IYkngL2fYtVYhtfON9hUg2hXz9MB--WaKMoH51rw9ekf8TkanY_nWyvktAP1eqQ7Ne2DXi03cfk4cf0_uIqvbm9nF1MbtJSMCVSSVlpZZxPZnnBBNY1xZryGjJdowTgusgr1AJLYXmVKZVnTBWC25JzpjLgY_J5k7v07nnA0JtFE0psW9uhG4KhEjLBALSM9PQNfXKD7-J0a6WF0lSoqL5sVOldCB5rs_TNwvqVoWDWXZvYtfnfdbQn28ShWGD1KnflRnC-AX-bFlfvJ5nZfLKLTDc_mtDjy-sP638bpbmW5uf80lzfsW9z-v2X4fwfLqeVSw</recordid><startdate>201404</startdate><enddate>201404</enddate><creator>Jacobs, J. H.</creator><creator>Krop, E. J. M.</creator><creator>Borras-Santos, A.</creator><creator>Zock, J.-P.</creator><creator>Taubel, M.</creator><creator>Hyvarinnen, A.</creator><creator>Pekkanen, J.</creator><creator>Doekes, G.</creator><creator>Heederik, D. J. J.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Hindawi Limited</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201404</creationdate><title>Endotoxin levels in settled airborne dust in European schools: the HITEA school study</title><author>Jacobs, J. H. ; Krop, E. J. M. ; Borras-Santos, A. ; Zock, J.-P. ; Taubel, M. ; Hyvarinnen, A. ; Pekkanen, J. ; Doekes, G. ; Heederik, D. J. 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M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borras-Santos, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zock, J.-P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taubel, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hyvarinnen, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pekkanen, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doekes, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heederik, D. J. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HITEA schools study consortium</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HITEA schools study consortium</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Indoor air</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jacobs, J. H.</au><au>Krop, E. J. M.</au><au>Borras-Santos, A.</au><au>Zock, J.-P.</au><au>Taubel, M.</au><au>Hyvarinnen, A.</au><au>Pekkanen, J.</au><au>Doekes, G.</au><au>Heederik, D. J. J.</au><aucorp>HITEA schools study consortium</aucorp><aucorp>HITEA schools study consortium</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Endotoxin levels in settled airborne dust in European schools: the HITEA school study</atitle><jtitle>Indoor air</jtitle><addtitle>Indoor Air</addtitle><date>2014-04</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>148</spage><epage>157</epage><pages>148-157</pages><issn>0905-6947</issn><eissn>1600-0668</eissn><abstract>Indoor exposure to microbial agents is known to influence respiratory health. Besides home exposure, exposure in schools can affect respiratory health. In this study, we measured endotoxin in settled dust in primary schools in three European countries from three different geographical regions with different climates. Our aim was to characterize endotoxin levels in primary schools and evaluate associations with potential determinants. Endotoxin levels were repeatedly assessed in 23 schools in Spain (n = 7), the Netherlands (n = 10), and Finland (n = 6) using electrostatic dustfall collectors. In total, 645 measurements were taken in 237 classrooms. Endotoxin levels differed significantly between countries; Dutch schools had the highest levels, while Finnish schools showed the lowest levels. In each country, differences in endotoxin levels were observed between schools and over the sampling periods. Estimates improved after adjustment for sampling period. Factors affecting endotoxin levels in a school differed per country. In general, endotoxin levels were higher in lower grades and in classrooms with higher occupancy. School endotoxin levels may contribute significantly to total endotoxin exposure in children and teachers. As the correlation between the repeated measurements is reasonable, single endotoxin measurements form a reasonable basis for estimating annual endotoxin levels in schools.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>23927557</pmid><doi>10.1111/ina.12064</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Dust Dust - analysis Electrostatic dustfall collector Endotoxin Endotoxins - analysis Europe Exposure assessment Indoor air Indoor air quality Schools Schools - statistics & numerical data Toxins |
title | Endotoxin levels in settled airborne dust in European schools: the HITEA school study |
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