Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America
The plant bugs Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris, and Lygus elisus (Hemiptera: Miridae) are major pests of many agricultural crops in North America. Previous studies suggested that females release a sex pheromone attractive to males. Other studies showed that males and females contain microgram amoun...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Die Naturwissenschaften 2013-12, Vol.100 (12), p.1115-1123 |
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| description | The plant bugs Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris, and Lygus elisus (Hemiptera: Miridae) are major pests of many agricultural crops in North America. Previous studies suggested that females release a sex pheromone attractive to males. Other studies showed that males and females contain microgram amounts of (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, hexyl butyrate, and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that are emitted as a defense against predators. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found that female L. lineolaris and L. elisus have a 4:10 ratio of hexyl butyrate to (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that is reversed from the 10:1 ratio in female L. hesperus (males of the three species have ~10:1 ratio). These reversed ratios among females of the species suggest a behavioral role. Because both sexes have nearly equal amounts of the major volatiles, females should release more to attract males. This expectation was supported because L. hesperus females released more hexyl butyrate (mean of 86 ng/h) during the night (1800–0700 hours) than did males ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00114-013-1113-7 |
| format | Article |
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Previous studies suggested that females release a sex pheromone attractive to males. Other studies showed that males and females contain microgram amounts of (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, hexyl butyrate, and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that are emitted as a defense against predators. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found that female L. lineolaris and L. elisus have a 4:10 ratio of hexyl butyrate to (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that is reversed from the 10:1 ratio in female L. hesperus (males of the three species have ~10:1 ratio). These reversed ratios among females of the species suggest a behavioral role. Because both sexes have nearly equal amounts of the major volatiles, females should release more to attract males. This expectation was supported because L. hesperus females released more hexyl butyrate (mean of 86 ng/h) during the night (1800–0700 hours) than did males (<1 ng/h). We used slow-rotating pairs of traps to test the attraction of species to blends of the volatiles with a subtractive method to detect synergism. Each species’ major butyrate ester was released at 3 μg/h, the minor butyrate according to its ratio, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal at 2 μg/h. The resulting catches of only Lygus males suggest that (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal is an essential sex pheromone component for all three species, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate is essential for L. elisus and L. lineolaris, and hexyl butyrate is essential for L. hesperus. However, all three components are recognized by each species since ratios of the butyrate esters are critical for conspecific attraction and heterospecific avoidance by males and thus play a role in reproductive isolation among the three species. Because L. hesperus males and females are known to emit these major volatiles for repelling ant predators, our study links defensive allomones in Lygus bugs with an additional use as sex pheromones.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-1042</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1904</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1113-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24233237</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>allomones ; Animals ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; butyrates ; Environment ; Female ; females ; Formicidae ; gas chromatography ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hemiptera ; Heteroptera - chemistry ; Heteroptera - physiology ; Life Sciences ; Lygus ; Lygus elisus ; Lygus hesperus ; Lygus lineolaris ; Male ; males ; mass spectrometry ; Miridae ; North America ; Original Paper ; pests ; predators ; reproductive isolation ; Sex Attractants - chemistry ; sex pheromones ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; synergism ; traps</subject><ispartof>Die Naturwissenschaften, 2013-12, Vol.100 (12), p.1115-1123</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA) 2013</rights><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-20beacd975f6dbf9dc90c449d107f2aead95d5f32822b970032e05c124338c613</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-20beacd975f6dbf9dc90c449d107f2aead95d5f32822b970032e05c124338c613</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00114-013-1113-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-013-1113-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233237$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Byers, John A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fefer, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levi-Zada, Anat</creatorcontrib><title>Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America</title><title>Die Naturwissenschaften</title><addtitle>Naturwissenschaften</addtitle><addtitle>Naturwissenschaften</addtitle><description>The plant bugs Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris, and Lygus elisus (Hemiptera: Miridae) are major pests of many agricultural crops in North America. Previous studies suggested that females release a sex pheromone attractive to males. Other studies showed that males and females contain microgram amounts of (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, hexyl butyrate, and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that are emitted as a defense against predators. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found that female L. lineolaris and L. elisus have a 4:10 ratio of hexyl butyrate to (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that is reversed from the 10:1 ratio in female L. hesperus (males of the three species have ~10:1 ratio). These reversed ratios among females of the species suggest a behavioral role. Because both sexes have nearly equal amounts of the major volatiles, females should release more to attract males. This expectation was supported because L. hesperus females released more hexyl butyrate (mean of 86 ng/h) during the night (1800–0700 hours) than did males (<1 ng/h). We used slow-rotating pairs of traps to test the attraction of species to blends of the volatiles with a subtractive method to detect synergism. Each species’ major butyrate ester was released at 3 μg/h, the minor butyrate according to its ratio, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal at 2 μg/h. The resulting catches of only Lygus males suggest that (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal is an essential sex pheromone component for all three species, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate is essential for L. elisus and L. lineolaris, and hexyl butyrate is essential for L. hesperus. However, all three components are recognized by each species since ratios of the butyrate esters are critical for conspecific attraction and heterospecific avoidance by males and thus play a role in reproductive isolation among the three species. Because L. hesperus males and females are known to emit these major volatiles for repelling ant predators, our study links defensive allomones in Lygus bugs with an additional use as sex pheromones.</description><subject>allomones</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>butyrates</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>females</subject><subject>Formicidae</subject><subject>gas chromatography</subject><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>Hemiptera</subject><subject>Heteroptera - chemistry</subject><subject>Heteroptera - physiology</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Lygus</subject><subject>Lygus elisus</subject><subject>Lygus hesperus</subject><subject>Lygus lineolaris</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>males</subject><subject>mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Miridae</subject><subject>North America</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>pests</subject><subject>predators</subject><subject>reproductive isolation</subject><subject>Sex Attractants - chemistry</subject><subject>sex pheromones</subject><subject>Sexual Behavior, Animal</subject><subject>synergism</subject><subject>traps</subject><issn>0028-1042</issn><issn>1432-1904</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkTFv2zAQhYmgQewm-QFdWo5Z1NyRlGWORpC0BYxkSDITFHWSFViiSkpA_e9LR27HlgPvQH7v4XCPsU8IXxGguI0AiCoDlBliuooztkQlRYYa1Ae2BBDrDEGJBfsY41uidZHrC7YQSkgpZLFku2f6xYcdBd_5nrjz3ZBqP_Jgx9ZHbvuKd6ntG95Gvz8-9twmtuHjLhDx7aGZIh_2NmnKqeFxINdS5L7mjz6MO77pKLTOXrHz2u4jXZ_qJXt9uH-5-55tn779uNtsM6cAx0xASdZVac56VZW1rpwGp5SuEIpaWLKVzqu8lmItRKkLACkIcodCSbl2K5SX7Gb2HYL_OVEcTddGR_s0IPkpGswhl-msxf9RpTWiXr274oy64GMMVJshtJ0NB4NgjlmYOQuTsjDHLEyRNJ9P9lPZUfVX8Wf5CRAzENNX31Awb34KfdrOP12_zKLaemOb0Ebz-iwAVSILwBXI39senSo</recordid><startdate>20131201</startdate><enddate>20131201</enddate><creator>Byers, John A</creator><creator>Fefer, Daniela</creator><creator>Levi-Zada, Anat</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131201</creationdate><title>Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America</title><author>Byers, John A ; Fefer, Daniela ; Levi-Zada, Anat</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c401t-20beacd975f6dbf9dc90c449d107f2aead95d5f32822b970032e05c124338c613</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>allomones</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>butyrates</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>females</topic><topic>Formicidae</topic><topic>gas chromatography</topic><topic>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>Hemiptera</topic><topic>Heteroptera - chemistry</topic><topic>Heteroptera - physiology</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Lygus</topic><topic>Lygus elisus</topic><topic>Lygus hesperus</topic><topic>Lygus lineolaris</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>males</topic><topic>mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Miridae</topic><topic>North America</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>pests</topic><topic>predators</topic><topic>reproductive isolation</topic><topic>Sex Attractants - chemistry</topic><topic>sex pheromones</topic><topic>Sexual Behavior, Animal</topic><topic>synergism</topic><topic>traps</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Byers, John A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fefer, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levi-Zada, Anat</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Die Naturwissenschaften</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Byers, John A</au><au>Fefer, Daniela</au><au>Levi-Zada, Anat</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America</atitle><jtitle>Die Naturwissenschaften</jtitle><stitle>Naturwissenschaften</stitle><addtitle>Naturwissenschaften</addtitle><date>2013-12-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>100</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>1115</spage><epage>1123</epage><pages>1115-1123</pages><issn>0028-1042</issn><eissn>1432-1904</eissn><abstract>The plant bugs Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris, and Lygus elisus (Hemiptera: Miridae) are major pests of many agricultural crops in North America. Previous studies suggested that females release a sex pheromone attractive to males. Other studies showed that males and females contain microgram amounts of (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, hexyl butyrate, and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that are emitted as a defense against predators. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found that female L. lineolaris and L. elisus have a 4:10 ratio of hexyl butyrate to (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate that is reversed from the 10:1 ratio in female L. hesperus (males of the three species have ~10:1 ratio). These reversed ratios among females of the species suggest a behavioral role. Because both sexes have nearly equal amounts of the major volatiles, females should release more to attract males. This expectation was supported because L. hesperus females released more hexyl butyrate (mean of 86 ng/h) during the night (1800–0700 hours) than did males (<1 ng/h). We used slow-rotating pairs of traps to test the attraction of species to blends of the volatiles with a subtractive method to detect synergism. Each species’ major butyrate ester was released at 3 μg/h, the minor butyrate according to its ratio, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal at 2 μg/h. The resulting catches of only Lygus males suggest that (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal is an essential sex pheromone component for all three species, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate is essential for L. elisus and L. lineolaris, and hexyl butyrate is essential for L. hesperus. However, all three components are recognized by each species since ratios of the butyrate esters are critical for conspecific attraction and heterospecific avoidance by males and thus play a role in reproductive isolation among the three species. Because L. hesperus males and females are known to emit these major volatiles for repelling ant predators, our study links defensive allomones in Lygus bugs with an additional use as sex pheromones.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>24233237</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00114-013-1113-7</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | allomones Animals Biomedical and Life Sciences butyrates Environment Female females Formicidae gas chromatography Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Hemiptera Heteroptera - chemistry Heteroptera - physiology Life Sciences Lygus Lygus elisus Lygus hesperus Lygus lineolaris Male males mass spectrometry Miridae North America Original Paper pests predators reproductive isolation Sex Attractants - chemistry sex pheromones Sexual Behavior, Animal synergism traps |
| title | Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America |
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