Nine-Year-Old Children Use Norm-Based Coding to Visually Represent Facial Expression
Children are less skilled than adults at making judgments about facial expression. This could be because they have not yet developed adult-like mechanisms for visually representing faces. Adults are thought to represent faces in a multidimensional face-space, and have been shown to code the expressi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance 2013-10, Vol.39 (5), p.1261-1269 |
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| container_title | Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance |
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| creator | BURTON, Nichola JEFFERY, Linda SKINNER, Andrew L BENTON, Christopher P RHODES, Gillian |
| description | Children are less skilled than adults at making judgments about facial expression. This could be because they have not yet developed adult-like mechanisms for visually representing faces. Adults are thought to represent faces in a multidimensional face-space, and have been shown to code the expression of a face relative to the norm or average face in face-space. Norm-based coding is economical and adaptive, and may be what makes adults more sensitive to facial expression than children. This study investigated the coding system that children use to represent facial expression. An adaptation aftereffect paradigm was used to test 24 adults and 18 children (9 years 2 months to 9 years 11 months old). Participants adapted to weak and strong antiexpressions. They then judged the expression of an average expression. Adaptation created aftereffects that made the test face look like the expression opposite that of the adaptor. Consistent with the predictions of norm-based but not exemplar-based coding, aftereffects were larger for strong than weak adaptors for both age groups. Results indicate that, like adults, children's coding of facial expressions is norm-based. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/a0031117 |
| format | Article |
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This could be because they have not yet developed adult-like mechanisms for visually representing faces. Adults are thought to represent faces in a multidimensional face-space, and have been shown to code the expression of a face relative to the norm or average face in face-space. Norm-based coding is economical and adaptive, and may be what makes adults more sensitive to facial expression than children. This study investigated the coding system that children use to represent facial expression. An adaptation aftereffect paradigm was used to test 24 adults and 18 children (9 years 2 months to 9 years 11 months old). Participants adapted to weak and strong antiexpressions. They then judged the expression of an average expression. Adaptation created aftereffects that made the test face look like the expression opposite that of the adaptor. 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Emotion ; Age Factors ; Biological and medical sciences ; Child ; Child development ; Child Development - physiology ; Childhood Development ; Children ; Children & youth ; Coding ; Developmental psychology ; Experimental psychology ; Face ; Facial Expression ; Facial Expressions ; Female ; Figural Aftereffect - physiology ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Human ; Humans ; Judgment ; Judgments ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Psychological ; Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology ; Perception ; Personality. Affectivity ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Social Perception ; Vision ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 2013-10, Vol.39 (5), p.1261-1269</ispartof><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved.</rights><rights>2012, American Psychological Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Psychological Association Oct 2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c468t-a077682b1eefa2d59df0d24a9f5a93e1a1e7d1f659a42a7a87c015d8001bfef23</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,30976,30977</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27798418$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23276109$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>BURTON, Nichola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JEFFERY, Linda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SKINNER, Andrew L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BENTON, Christopher P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RHODES, Gillian</creatorcontrib><title>Nine-Year-Old Children Use Norm-Based Coding to Visually Represent Facial Expression</title><title>Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance</title><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform</addtitle><description>Children are less skilled than adults at making judgments about facial expression. This could be because they have not yet developed adult-like mechanisms for visually representing faces. Adults are thought to represent faces in a multidimensional face-space, and have been shown to code the expression of a face relative to the norm or average face in face-space. Norm-based coding is economical and adaptive, and may be what makes adults more sensitive to facial expression than children. This study investigated the coding system that children use to represent facial expression. An adaptation aftereffect paradigm was used to test 24 adults and 18 children (9 years 2 months to 9 years 11 months old). Participants adapted to weak and strong antiexpressions. They then judged the expression of an average expression. Adaptation created aftereffects that made the test face look like the expression opposite that of the adaptor. Consistent with the predictions of norm-based but not exemplar-based coding, aftereffects were larger for strong than weak adaptors for both age groups. Results indicate that, like adults, children's coding of facial expressions is norm-based.</description><subject>Adaptation</subject><subject>Adaptation, Psychological - physiology</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adult children</subject><subject>Affectivity. Emotion</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child development</subject><subject>Child Development - physiology</subject><subject>Childhood Development</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Coding</subject><subject>Developmental psychology</subject><subject>Experimental psychology</subject><subject>Face</subject><subject>Facial Expression</subject><subject>Facial Expressions</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Figural Aftereffect - physiology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Judgment</subject><subject>Judgments</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Models, Psychological</subject><subject>Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology</subject><subject>Perception</subject><subject>Personality. Affectivity</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Social Perception</subject><subject>Vision</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0096-1523</issn><issn>1939-1277</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0l1LHDEUBuAgLbraQn-BDJRCb6bNSWbycamL2oIoFC30ajg7OamR7Mya7ED9983SVUsvyuYmcHh4yQkvY--AfwIu9WfkXAKA3mMzsNLWILR-xWacW1VDK-QBO8z5npcDpt1nB0IKrYDbGbu5CgPVPwhTfR1dNb8L0SUaqttM1dWYlvUpZirz0YXhZ7Ueq-8hTxjjY_WNVokyDevqHPuAsTr7tRnkMA5v2GuPMdPb7X3Ebs_PbuZf6svri6_zk8u6b5RZ18i1VkYsgMijcK11njvRoPUtWkmAQNqBV63FRqBGo3sOrTNli4UnL-QR-_gnd5XGh4nyuluG3FOMONA45Q4aq6xRUpqdqFKtBLUDbUqi4tbuRsuOfEPf_0PvxykN5XuKktYKs8H_U0IpaDk0f72wT2POiXy3SmGJ6bED3m0K0T0VotDjbeC0WJJ7hk8NKODDFmDuMfqEQx_yi9PamgaM_A2D_7hD</recordid><startdate>20131001</startdate><enddate>20131001</enddate><creator>BURTON, Nichola</creator><creator>JEFFERY, Linda</creator><creator>SKINNER, Andrew L</creator><creator>BENTON, Christopher P</creator><creator>RHODES, Gillian</creator><general>American Psychological Association</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T9</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131001</creationdate><title>Nine-Year-Old Children Use Norm-Based Coding to Visually Represent Facial Expression</title><author>BURTON, Nichola ; JEFFERY, Linda ; SKINNER, Andrew L ; BENTON, Christopher P ; RHODES, Gillian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c468t-a077682b1eefa2d59df0d24a9f5a93e1a1e7d1f659a42a7a87c015d8001bfef23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Adaptation</topic><topic>Adaptation, Psychological - physiology</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adult children</topic><topic>Affectivity. Emotion</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child development</topic><topic>Child Development - physiology</topic><topic>Childhood Development</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Coding</topic><topic>Developmental psychology</topic><topic>Experimental psychology</topic><topic>Face</topic><topic>Facial Expression</topic><topic>Facial Expressions</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Figural Aftereffect - physiology</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Judgment</topic><topic>Judgments</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Models, Psychological</topic><topic>Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology</topic><topic>Perception</topic><topic>Personality. Affectivity</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Social Perception</topic><topic>Vision</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>BURTON, Nichola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JEFFERY, Linda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SKINNER, Andrew L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BENTON, Christopher P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RHODES, Gillian</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>APA PsycArticles®</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA)</collection><jtitle>Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>BURTON, Nichola</au><au>JEFFERY, Linda</au><au>SKINNER, Andrew L</au><au>BENTON, Christopher P</au><au>RHODES, Gillian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Nine-Year-Old Children Use Norm-Based Coding to Visually Represent Facial Expression</atitle><jtitle>Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance</jtitle><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform</addtitle><date>2013-10-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>39</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1261</spage><epage>1269</epage><pages>1261-1269</pages><issn>0096-1523</issn><eissn>1939-1277</eissn><coden>JPHPDH</coden><abstract>Children are less skilled than adults at making judgments about facial expression. This could be because they have not yet developed adult-like mechanisms for visually representing faces. Adults are thought to represent faces in a multidimensional face-space, and have been shown to code the expression of a face relative to the norm or average face in face-space. Norm-based coding is economical and adaptive, and may be what makes adults more sensitive to facial expression than children. This study investigated the coding system that children use to represent facial expression. An adaptation aftereffect paradigm was used to test 24 adults and 18 children (9 years 2 months to 9 years 11 months old). Participants adapted to weak and strong antiexpressions. They then judged the expression of an average expression. Adaptation created aftereffects that made the test face look like the expression opposite that of the adaptor. 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| subjects | Adaptation Adaptation, Psychological - physiology Adolescent Adult Adult children Affectivity. Emotion Age Factors Biological and medical sciences Child Child development Child Development - physiology Childhood Development Children Children & youth Coding Developmental psychology Experimental psychology Face Facial Expression Facial Expressions Female Figural Aftereffect - physiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Human Humans Judgment Judgments Male Middle Aged Models, Psychological Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology Perception Personality. Affectivity Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Social Perception Vision Young Adult |
| title | Nine-Year-Old Children Use Norm-Based Coding to Visually Represent Facial Expression |
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