Response to nutritional support and therapeutic approaches of amino acid and protein metabolism in surgical patients

The response to critical illness involves alterations in all aspects of metabolic control, favoring catabolism of body protein. In particular, body protein loss occurring as a result of the alteration of protein metabolism has been reported to be inversely correlated with the survival of critically ill patients. Despite the availability of various therapeutic modalities aiming to prevent loss of the body protein pool, such as total parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition designed to provide excessive calories as a form of energy substrate, and protein itself, the loss of body protein cannot be prevented by any of these. Loss of the boyd protein store occurs as a consequence of the alteration of the intermediate metabolism that works for the production of energy substrate. This alteration of substrate metabolism may be linked to the alteration of protein metabolism. However, no specific factors regulating amino acid and protein metabolism have been identified. Thus, further investigations evaluating amino acid and protein metabolism are required to obtain better understanding of metabolic regulation in the body, which may lead to the development of novel and more effective therapeutic modalities for nutrition in the future.