The molecular causes of thyroid dysgenesis: A systematic review

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a frequent disease occurring with an incidence of about 1/2500 newborns/year. In 80–85% of the cases CH is caused by alterations in thyroid morphogenesis, generally indicated by the term “thyroid dysgenesis” (TD). TD is generally a sporadic disease, but in about 5% of the cases a genetic origin has been demonstrated. In these cases, mutations in genes playing a role during thyroid morphogenesis ( NKX2-1, PAX8, FOXE1, NKX2-5, TSHR ) have been reported. Aim: This work reviews the main steps of thyroid morphogenesis and all the genetic alterations associated with TD and published in the literature.