Thermal, UV, FTIR, and XRD studies of urinary stones

Various crystals are seen in human urine. Oxalate, Phosphate, Uric acid, and Urate crystals are generally seen in urinary calculi. Calcium stones are most common, comprising 75 % of all urinary calculi. They may be pure calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate or a mixture of both. Many stones are not homogeneous. Low calcium intake increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, thus decreasing the amount of calcium available in the intestinal tract to form insoluble complexes with Oxalate. Consequently, a higher amount of oxalate is available for intestinal absorption and as a result, urinary oxalate excretion increases. Mineral water consumption did not reduce urinary oxalate excretion. High urinary excretion and concentration of magnesium decrease both the nucleation and growth rates of calcium oxalate crystals in urine, because of the higher solubility of magnesium oxalate compared with calcium oxalate. Analytical results show calcium oxalate to be one of the major inorganic components of renal stones and found to be present in almost all kidney and bladder stones. About 39.5 % of the total composition of the calculi is found to contain purely calcium oxalate and also hydroxyl apatite. The ten samples are a mixture of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones. Four samples are calcium oxalate as major composition and the remaining are calcium phosphate as major composition. These kidney stones are taken photographically and size of the stone are measured using optical microscopy. These qualitative analyses are also confirmed by UV, FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis.