Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline
Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic c...
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description | Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/BF02858517 |
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It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0006-8101</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1874-9372</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/BF02858517</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BOREA4</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden</publisher><subject>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-) ; Acid soils ; Animal and plant ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Biological and medical sciences ; BIOLOGICAL STRESS ; BOSQUES ; CONIFERAS ; CONIFERE ; Coniferous forests ; CONIFERS ; Deciduous forests ; DEPERISSEMENT TERMINAL ; DIEBACK ; DOCUMENT TYPES ; ECOLOGY ; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ; Forest canopy ; Forest ecology ; Forest ecosystems ; Forest soils ; FORESTS ; FORET ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; GOVERNMENT POLICIES ; LOSSES ; MARCHITEZ DESCENDENTE ; PERDIDAS ; PERTE ; PHYSIOLOGY ; REVIEWS ; Soil ecology ; Soil pollution ; Soil water ; Synecology ; Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><ispartof>The Botanical review, 1988-01, Vol.54 (1), p.1-43</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1988 The New York Botanical Garden</rights><rights>1989 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-2dfbf8ad673f69ec97aa82ee024df078295daa43f8f846b8426c8e911eef783a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-2dfbf8ad673f69ec97aa82ee024df078295daa43f8f846b8426c8e911eef783a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4354104$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/4354104$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,803,885,4024,27923,27924,27925,58017,58250</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7009370$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/7028177$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Klein, R.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perkins, T.D</creatorcontrib><title>Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline</title><title>The Botanical review</title><description>Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.</description><subject>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-)</subject><subject>Acid soils</subject><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>BIOLOGICAL STRESS</subject><subject>BOSQUES</subject><subject>CONIFERAS</subject><subject>CONIFERE</subject><subject>Coniferous forests</subject><subject>CONIFERS</subject><subject>Deciduous forests</subject><subject>DEPERISSEMENT TERMINAL</subject><subject>DIEBACK</subject><subject>DOCUMENT TYPES</subject><subject>ECOLOGY</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</subject><subject>Forest canopy</subject><subject>Forest ecology</subject><subject>Forest ecosystems</subject><subject>Forest soils</subject><subject>FORESTS</subject><subject>FORET</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>GOVERNMENT POLICIES</subject><subject>LOSSES</subject><subject>MARCHITEZ DESCENDENTE</subject><subject>PERDIDAS</subject><subject>PERTE</subject><subject>PHYSIOLOGY</subject><subject>REVIEWS</subject><subject>Soil ecology</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Synecology</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><issn>0006-8101</issn><issn>1874-9372</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1988</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkc1rGzEQxUVpoa7bS44hBxNCDoVNRx-70h6T0KQFQwOJz0LWjpI165WjWR_y30fbNe61JzFvfnozvGHshMMVB9A_bu5AmNKUXH9gM260KmqpxUc2A4CqMBz4Z_aFaAPAea3NjC0fUrt16W3h-mZB6GPfjJV3e0L6K2aJ8HWPvc9CDGM94HYX08iFmJCGRYO-a3v8yj4F1xF-O7xztrr7-XT7q1j-uf99e70svDR6KEQT1sG4ptIyVDX6WjtnBCII1QTQRtRl45ySwQSjqrVRovIGa84RgzbSyTk7n3wjDa0l3w7oX_JePfrB6pwA1zpDlxO0SzGvT4PdtuSx61yPcU-WKyFEDuQ_QFCCC5XB7xPoUyRKGOxuCs9ysGP89l_8Gb44uDryrgvJ9b6l4w8NkC8DGTubsA0NMR3bSpaKwzjydGoHF617Ttlh9WiMVFKV8h1BTZVl</recordid><startdate>198801</startdate><enddate>198801</enddate><creator>Klein, R.M</creator><creator>Perkins, T.D</creator><general>New York Botanical Garden</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>198801</creationdate><title>Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline</title><author>Klein, R.M ; Perkins, T.D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-2dfbf8ad673f69ec97aa82ee024df078295daa43f8f846b8426c8e911eef783a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1988</creationdate><topic>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-)</topic><topic>Acid soils</topic><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>BIOLOGICAL STRESS</topic><topic>BOSQUES</topic><topic>CONIFERAS</topic><topic>CONIFERE</topic><topic>Coniferous forests</topic><topic>CONIFERS</topic><topic>Deciduous forests</topic><topic>DEPERISSEMENT TERMINAL</topic><topic>DIEBACK</topic><topic>DOCUMENT TYPES</topic><topic>ECOLOGY</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</topic><topic>Forest canopy</topic><topic>Forest ecology</topic><topic>Forest ecosystems</topic><topic>Forest soils</topic><topic>FORESTS</topic><topic>FORET</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>GOVERNMENT POLICIES</topic><topic>LOSSES</topic><topic>MARCHITEZ DESCENDENTE</topic><topic>PERDIDAS</topic><topic>PERTE</topic><topic>PHYSIOLOGY</topic><topic>REVIEWS</topic><topic>Soil ecology</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Synecology</topic><topic>Terrestrial ecosystems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Klein, R.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perkins, T.D</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>The Botanical review</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Klein, R.M</au><au>Perkins, T.D</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline</atitle><jtitle>The Botanical review</jtitle><date>1988-01</date><risdate>1988</risdate><volume>54</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>43</epage><pages>1-43</pages><issn>0006-8101</issn><eissn>1874-9372</eissn><coden>BOREA4</coden><abstract>Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.</abstract><cop>Bronx, NY</cop><pub>New York Botanical Garden</pub><doi>10.1007/BF02858517</doi><tpages>43</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | 540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-) Acid soils Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences BIOLOGICAL STRESS BOSQUES CONIFERAS CONIFERE Coniferous forests CONIFERS Deciduous forests DEPERISSEMENT TERMINAL DIEBACK DOCUMENT TYPES ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Forest canopy Forest ecology Forest ecosystems Forest soils FORESTS FORET Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology GOVERNMENT POLICIES LOSSES MARCHITEZ DESCENDENTE PERDIDAS PERTE PHYSIOLOGY REVIEWS Soil ecology Soil pollution Soil water Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems |
title | Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline |
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