Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline

Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic c...

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Veröffentlicht in:The Botanical review 1988-01, Vol.54 (1), p.1-43
Hauptverfasser: Klein, R.M, Perkins, T.D
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creator Klein, R.M
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description Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.
doi_str_mv 10.1007/BF02858517
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Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. 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It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.</description><subject>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-)</subject><subject>Acid soils</subject><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>BIOLOGICAL STRESS</subject><subject>BOSQUES</subject><subject>CONIFERAS</subject><subject>CONIFERE</subject><subject>Coniferous forests</subject><subject>CONIFERS</subject><subject>Deciduous forests</subject><subject>DEPERISSEMENT TERMINAL</subject><subject>DIEBACK</subject><subject>DOCUMENT TYPES</subject><subject>ECOLOGY</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</subject><subject>Forest canopy</subject><subject>Forest ecology</subject><subject>Forest ecosystems</subject><subject>Forest soils</subject><subject>FORESTS</subject><subject>FORET</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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Psychology</topic><topic>GOVERNMENT POLICIES</topic><topic>LOSSES</topic><topic>MARCHITEZ DESCENDENTE</topic><topic>PERDIDAS</topic><topic>PERTE</topic><topic>PHYSIOLOGY</topic><topic>REVIEWS</topic><topic>Soil ecology</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Synecology</topic><topic>Terrestrial ecosystems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Klein, R.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perkins, T.D</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>The Botanical review</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Klein, R.M</au><au>Perkins, T.D</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline</atitle><jtitle>The Botanical review</jtitle><date>1988-01</date><risdate>1988</risdate><volume>54</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>43</epage><pages>1-43</pages><issn>0006-8101</issn><eissn>1874-9372</eissn><coden>BOREA4</coden><abstract>Realization that forest decline (Waldsterben) has become an ecological crisis throughout the developed world has resulted in massive research efforts to determine the causes of declines. It is now recognized that no single causal factor is responsible, but that there are a variety of anthropogenic causal factor complexes interacting with natural events and processes that, together, induce stresses in forests that culminate in declines of individual plants and of ecosystems. It is the thesis of this article that forest declines involve all biotic and abiotic facets and parameters of forested ecosystems and that the declines are themselves new causal factor complexes that continue to affect the stability of forested ecosystems independently of the initial causal factor complexes. Lacking direct field or laboratory studies on these cascades of causes and effects, this article attempts to utilize the growing body of information on plant physiological ecology to provide a heuristic framework for evaluating long-term forest declines. /// Die Erkenntnis, Daß das Waldsterben zu einer ökologischen Krise in der gesamten entwickelten Welt geworden ist, hat zu massiven Forschungsanstrengungen nach den Ursachen geführt. Es ist mittlerweile anerkannt, daß nicht ein einzelner verursachender Umstand verantwortlich ist, sondern, daß es sich um eine Vielzahl anthropogener Faktoren im Wechselspiel mit natürlichen Vorgängen handelt; die im Zusammenwirken Stresse in den Wäldern hervorrufen und im Niedergang einzelner Pflanzen oder ganzer Waldökosysteme ihren Ausdruck finden. Dieser Artikel unterstüzt die These, daß das Waldsterben alle biotischen und abiotischen Facetten und Parameter eines Waldökosystems einbezieht und daß die Zerfallsprozesse selbst neue Ursachenkomplexe darstellen, die unabhängig von den ursprünglichen Ursachen, fortgesetzt die Stabilität der Waldökosysteme angreifen. Ohne direkte Feld- oder Laboruntersuchungen dieser Kaskaden von Ursache und Wirkung versucht dieser Artikel die ständig wachsende Masse der Information über Pflanzen-ökologie und -physiologie zu nutzen, um ein heuristiches Gitternetz für die Auswertung der Langzeiteffekte des Waldsterbens aufzustellen.</abstract><cop>Bronx, NY</cop><pub>New York Botanical Garden</pub><doi>10.1007/BF02858517</doi><tpages>43</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects 540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-)
Acid soils
Animal and plant ecology
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Biological and medical sciences
BIOLOGICAL STRESS
BOSQUES
CONIFERAS
CONIFERE
Coniferous forests
CONIFERS
Deciduous forests
DEPERISSEMENT TERMINAL
DIEBACK
DOCUMENT TYPES
ECOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Forest canopy
Forest ecology
Forest ecosystems
Forest soils
FORESTS
FORET
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
LOSSES
MARCHITEZ DESCENDENTE
PERDIDAS
PERTE
PHYSIOLOGY
REVIEWS
Soil ecology
Soil pollution
Soil water
Synecology
Terrestrial ecosystems
title Primary and secondary causes and consequences of contemporary forest decline
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