Long-term trends mask variation in the direction and magnitude of short-term phenological shifts
• Premise of the study: Plants are flowering earlier in response to climate change. However, substantial interannual variation in phenology may make it difficult to discern and compare long-term trends. In addition to providing insight on data requirements for discerning such trends, phenological sh...
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Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of botany 2013-07, Vol.100 (7), p.1398-1406 |
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description | • Premise of the study: Plants are flowering earlier in response to climate change. However, substantial interannual variation in phenology may make it difficult to discern and compare long-term trends. In addition to providing insight on data requirements for discerning such trends, phenological shifts within subsets of long-term records will provide insight into the mechanisms driving changes in flowering over longer time scales.• Methods: To examine variation in flowering shifts among temporal subsets of long-term records, we used two data sets of flowering phenology from snow-dominated habitats: subalpine meadow in Gothic, Colorado, USA (38 yr), and arctic tundra in Zackenberg, Greenland (16 yr). Shifts in flowering time were calculated as 10-yr moving averages for onset, peak, and end of flowering.• Key results: Flowering advanced over the course of the entire time series at both sites. Flowering shifts at Gothic were variable, with some 10-yr time frames showing significant delays and others significant advancements. Early-flowering species were more responsive than later-flowering species, while the opposite was true at Zackenberg. Flowering shifts at Zackenberg were less variable, with advanced flowering across all 10-yr time frames. At both sites, long-term advancement seemed to be primarily driven by strong advancements in flowering in the 1990s and early 2000s.• Conclusions: Analysis of long-term trends can mask substantial variation in phenological shifts through time. This variation in the direction and magnitude of phenological shifts has implications for the evolution of flowering time and for interspecific interactions with flowering plants and can provide more detailed insights into the dynamics of phenological responses to climate change. |
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However, substantial interannual variation in phenology may make it difficult to discern and compare long-term trends. In addition to providing insight on data requirements for discerning such trends, phenological shifts within subsets of long-term records will provide insight into the mechanisms driving changes in flowering over longer time scales.• Methods: To examine variation in flowering shifts among temporal subsets of long-term records, we used two data sets of flowering phenology from snow-dominated habitats: subalpine meadow in Gothic, Colorado, USA (38 yr), and arctic tundra in Zackenberg, Greenland (16 yr). Shifts in flowering time were calculated as 10-yr moving averages for onset, peak, and end of flowering.• Key results: Flowering advanced over the course of the entire time series at both sites. Flowering shifts at Gothic were variable, with some 10-yr time frames showing significant delays and others significant advancements. Early-flowering species were more responsive than later-flowering species, while the opposite was true at Zackenberg. Flowering shifts at Zackenberg were less variable, with advanced flowering across all 10-yr time frames. At both sites, long-term advancement seemed to be primarily driven by strong advancements in flowering in the 1990s and early 2000s.• Conclusions: Analysis of long-term trends can mask substantial variation in phenological shifts through time. This variation in the direction and magnitude of phenological shifts has implications for the evolution of flowering time and for interspecific interactions with flowering plants and can provide more detailed insights into the dynamics of phenological responses to climate change.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-9122</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1537-2197</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200490</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23660568</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJBOAA</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Botanical Society of America</publisher><subject>arctic tundra ; Botany ; Climate Change ; Colorado ; data collection ; Ecosystem ; Evolution ; flowering ; Flowers & plants ; Flowers - physiology ; Greenland ; habitats ; Magnoliophyta ; Magnoliopsida - physiology ; meadows ; moving average ; Periodicity ; Phenology ; Plant biology ; Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory ; snowmelt ; Special Invited Articles ; subalpine ; subsampling ; Time Factors ; Time series ; time series analysis ; tundra ; variation ; Zackenberg</subject><ispartof>American journal of botany, 2013-07, Vol.100 (7), p.1398-1406</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2013 Botanical Society of America, Inc.</rights><rights>2013 Botanical Society of America</rights><rights>Copyright Botanical Society of America, Inc. Jul 2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5418-91dec2808961acfb0a690045b5c29f4a4f174ec6518026722137166ba29d4c013</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5418-91dec2808961acfb0a690045b5c29f4a4f174ec6518026722137166ba29d4c013</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23434492$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/23434492$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,803,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833,58017,58250</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660568$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Iler, Amy M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Høye, Toke T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inouye, David W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidt, Niels M</creatorcontrib><title>Long-term trends mask variation in the direction and magnitude of short-term phenological shifts</title><title>American journal of botany</title><addtitle>Am J Bot</addtitle><description>• Premise of the study: Plants are flowering earlier in response to climate change. However, substantial interannual variation in phenology may make it difficult to discern and compare long-term trends. In addition to providing insight on data requirements for discerning such trends, phenological shifts within subsets of long-term records will provide insight into the mechanisms driving changes in flowering over longer time scales.• Methods: To examine variation in flowering shifts among temporal subsets of long-term records, we used two data sets of flowering phenology from snow-dominated habitats: subalpine meadow in Gothic, Colorado, USA (38 yr), and arctic tundra in Zackenberg, Greenland (16 yr). Shifts in flowering time were calculated as 10-yr moving averages for onset, peak, and end of flowering.• Key results: Flowering advanced over the course of the entire time series at both sites. Flowering shifts at Gothic were variable, with some 10-yr time frames showing significant delays and others significant advancements. Early-flowering species were more responsive than later-flowering species, while the opposite was true at Zackenberg. Flowering shifts at Zackenberg were less variable, with advanced flowering across all 10-yr time frames. At both sites, long-term advancement seemed to be primarily driven by strong advancements in flowering in the 1990s and early 2000s.• Conclusions: Analysis of long-term trends can mask substantial variation in phenological shifts through time. This variation in the direction and magnitude of phenological shifts has implications for the evolution of flowering time and for interspecific interactions with flowering plants and can provide more detailed insights into the dynamics of phenological responses to climate change.</description><subject>arctic tundra</subject><subject>Botany</subject><subject>Climate Change</subject><subject>Colorado</subject><subject>data collection</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>flowering</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Flowers - physiology</subject><subject>Greenland</subject><subject>habitats</subject><subject>Magnoliophyta</subject><subject>Magnoliopsida - physiology</subject><subject>meadows</subject><subject>moving average</subject><subject>Periodicity</subject><subject>Phenology</subject><subject>Plant biology</subject><subject>Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory</subject><subject>snowmelt</subject><subject>Special Invited Articles</subject><subject>subalpine</subject><subject>subsampling</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Time series</subject><subject>time series analysis</subject><subject>tundra</subject><subject>variation</subject><subject>Zackenberg</subject><issn>0002-9122</issn><issn>1537-2197</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFks-P1CAUx4nRuLOjJ89qEy8mpis8KJTjull_ZRIPumeklM4wtjAC1ex_L2NHYzzoicD78AnvfUHoEcEXVFB4qffdBQGMmcR30Io0VNRApLiLVhhjqCUBOEPnKe3LVjIJ99EZUM5xw9sV-rwJfltnG6cqR-v7VE06fam-6eh0dsFXzld5Z6veRWt-HmjfF2brXZ57W4WhSrsQ86I47KwPY9g6o8dy7oacHqB7gx6TfXha1-jm9fWnq7f15sObd1eXm9o0jLTllb010OJWcqLN0GHNZWmp6RoDcmCaDUQwa3hDWgxcABAqCOedBtkzgwldo-eL9xDD19mmrCaXjB1H7W2YkyKMSCqAt-z_KJVSUpACCvrsL3Qf5uhLI0WImeD0qF2jFwtlYkgp2kEdopt0vFUEq2NGqmSkThkV-snJOXeT7X-zv0IpAFmA7260t_9yqcv3r8ok5PHO4-XOPuUQ_3Ayykrmpf50qQ86KL2NLqmbj4BJUz5FmaNo6Q9Gn6ws</recordid><startdate>201307</startdate><enddate>201307</enddate><creator>Iler, Amy M</creator><creator>Høye, Toke T</creator><creator>Inouye, David W</creator><creator>Schmidt, Niels M</creator><general>Botanical Society of America</general><general>Botanical Society of America, Inc</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201307</creationdate><title>Long-term trends mask variation in the direction and magnitude of short-term phenological shifts</title><author>Iler, Amy M ; Høye, Toke T ; Inouye, David W ; Schmidt, Niels M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5418-91dec2808961acfb0a690045b5c29f4a4f174ec6518026722137166ba29d4c013</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>arctic tundra</topic><topic>Botany</topic><topic>Climate Change</topic><topic>Colorado</topic><topic>data collection</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Evolution</topic><topic>flowering</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>Flowers - physiology</topic><topic>Greenland</topic><topic>habitats</topic><topic>Magnoliophyta</topic><topic>Magnoliopsida - physiology</topic><topic>meadows</topic><topic>moving average</topic><topic>Periodicity</topic><topic>Phenology</topic><topic>Plant biology</topic><topic>Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory</topic><topic>snowmelt</topic><topic>Special Invited Articles</topic><topic>subalpine</topic><topic>subsampling</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Time series</topic><topic>time series analysis</topic><topic>tundra</topic><topic>variation</topic><topic>Zackenberg</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Iler, Amy M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Høye, Toke T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inouye, David W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidt, Niels M</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><jtitle>American journal of botany</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Iler, Amy M</au><au>Høye, Toke T</au><au>Inouye, David W</au><au>Schmidt, Niels M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long-term trends mask variation in the direction and magnitude of short-term phenological shifts</atitle><jtitle>American journal of botany</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Bot</addtitle><date>2013-07</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>100</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1398</spage><epage>1406</epage><pages>1398-1406</pages><issn>0002-9122</issn><eissn>1537-2197</eissn><coden>AJBOAA</coden><abstract>• Premise of the study: Plants are flowering earlier in response to climate change. However, substantial interannual variation in phenology may make it difficult to discern and compare long-term trends. In addition to providing insight on data requirements for discerning such trends, phenological shifts within subsets of long-term records will provide insight into the mechanisms driving changes in flowering over longer time scales.• Methods: To examine variation in flowering shifts among temporal subsets of long-term records, we used two data sets of flowering phenology from snow-dominated habitats: subalpine meadow in Gothic, Colorado, USA (38 yr), and arctic tundra in Zackenberg, Greenland (16 yr). Shifts in flowering time were calculated as 10-yr moving averages for onset, peak, and end of flowering.• Key results: Flowering advanced over the course of the entire time series at both sites. Flowering shifts at Gothic were variable, with some 10-yr time frames showing significant delays and others significant advancements. Early-flowering species were more responsive than later-flowering species, while the opposite was true at Zackenberg. Flowering shifts at Zackenberg were less variable, with advanced flowering across all 10-yr time frames. At both sites, long-term advancement seemed to be primarily driven by strong advancements in flowering in the 1990s and early 2000s.• Conclusions: Analysis of long-term trends can mask substantial variation in phenological shifts through time. This variation in the direction and magnitude of phenological shifts has implications for the evolution of flowering time and for interspecific interactions with flowering plants and can provide more detailed insights into the dynamics of phenological responses to climate change.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Botanical Society of America</pub><pmid>23660568</pmid><doi>10.3732/ajb.1200490</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | arctic tundra Botany Climate Change Colorado data collection Ecosystem Evolution flowering Flowers & plants Flowers - physiology Greenland habitats Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida - physiology meadows moving average Periodicity Phenology Plant biology Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory snowmelt Special Invited Articles subalpine subsampling Time Factors Time series time series analysis tundra variation Zackenberg |
title | Long-term trends mask variation in the direction and magnitude of short-term phenological shifts |
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