The toxic effects of heavy metals on rat bone marrow in vitro erythropoiesis: Protective role of hemin and zinc

The effects of gold (Au), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) on rat bone marrow in vitro erythropoiesis (CFU E) were studied. Au was found to be significantly toxic to CFU E growth at concentrations as low as 10 −9 m whereas Pb and Cd displayed toxicity at 10 −7 m. Addition of Pb plus Cd in combination had a greater toxic effect on CFU E growth than when the metals were added singly, and the toxic effect of Cd was reduced when Zinc (Zn) was added in combination to the cultures. When hemin (10 −6 m) was added to cultures containing 10 −6 m Au, Pb, or Cd, CFU E numbers were obtained that were equivalent to control cultures without hemin. Thus, hemin exerted a protective effect on erythropoiesis in the presence of otherwise toxic amounts of Au, Pb, and Cd. It is concluded that Au, Pb, and Cd have toxic effects on in vitro erythropoiesis and that this toxicity may be overcome in part by Zn or hemin. The possible involvement of the heme biosynthetic and degradative pathways is discussed with respect to these results.