Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats
Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | British journal of nutrition 2013-04, Vol.109 (8), p.1433-1441 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 1441 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 8 |
| container_start_page | 1433 |
| container_title | British journal of nutrition |
| container_volume | 109 |
| creator | Hanske, Laura Engst, Wolfram Loh, Gunnar Sczesny, Silke Blaut, Michael Braune, Annett |
| description | Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S0007114512003376 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1399909857</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><cupid>10_1017_S0007114512003376</cupid><sourcerecordid>1399909857</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-42fc2ec31b29d8fecee2d6a63d252c5b8eb6f3146c9fda049ee5ba30954b49e33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkUtrFTEUx4Mo9lr9AG4kIIKb0TwmmclSLr6g0EXrejhJztzmMjOpSWbRb2-GXh8oQleHP-d3nn9CXnL2jjPevb9ijHWct4oLxqTs9COy422nGqG1eEx2W7rZ8mfkWc7HKnvOzFNyJoRhupN8R477uJQU7FpCXGgc6WEt1IIrmALQEmm5QTpjARunkOeNcHewBB8WKpvDtLqYg0da5c06w0Ln4FK0IRZoIOfoAhT0NEHJz8mTEaaML07xnHz79PF6_6W5uPz8df_honHKyNK0YnQCneRWGN-P6BCF16ClF0o4ZXu0epS81c6MHlhrEJUFyYxqbRVSnpO3931vU_y-Yi7DHLLDaYIF45oHLo0xzPSqewAq6puYYX1FX_-FHuOalnrIRindMalUpfg9VZ-Qc8JxuE1hhnQ3cDZsng3_eFZrXp06r3ZG_6vip0kVeHMCIDuYxgSLC_k31wnZt7ytnDwNh9mm4A_4x47_Hf8DKm6tfg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1325670355</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Cambridge Journals - CAUL Collection</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Hanske, Laura ; Engst, Wolfram ; Loh, Gunnar ; Sczesny, Silke ; Blaut, Michael ; Braune, Annett</creator><creatorcontrib>Hanske, Laura ; Engst, Wolfram ; Loh, Gunnar ; Sczesny, Silke ; Blaut, Michael ; Braune, Annett</creatorcontrib><description>Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0007-1145</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-2662</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512003376</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22906731</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BJNUAV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Animals ; Anthocyanins - analysis ; Anthocyanins - metabolism ; Anthocyanins - urine ; Bacteria ; Bacteria - metabolism ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body weight ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Diet ; Digestive system ; Feces ; Feces - chemistry ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology ; Glucosides - analysis ; Glucosides - metabolism ; Glucosides - urine ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Metagenome - physiology ; Microbiology ; Phenols ; Polyphenols ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rodents ; Slurries ; Urine ; Urine - chemistry ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><ispartof>British journal of nutrition, 2013-04, Vol.109 (8), p.1433-1441</ispartof><rights>Copyright © The Authors 2012</rights><rights>2014 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-42fc2ec31b29d8fecee2d6a63d252c5b8eb6f3146c9fda049ee5ba30954b49e33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-42fc2ec31b29d8fecee2d6a63d252c5b8eb6f3146c9fda049ee5ba30954b49e33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007114512003376/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>164,314,780,784,27923,27924,55627</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27238414$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906731$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hanske, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engst, Wolfram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loh, Gunnar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sczesny, Silke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blaut, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braune, Annett</creatorcontrib><title>Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats</title><title>British journal of nutrition</title><addtitle>Br J Nutr</addtitle><description>Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anthocyanins - analysis</subject><subject>Anthocyanins - metabolism</subject><subject>Anthocyanins - urine</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteria - metabolism</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Cells, Cultured</subject><subject>Chromatography, Liquid</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Digestive system</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Feces - chemistry</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology</subject><subject>Glucosides - analysis</subject><subject>Glucosides - metabolism</subject><subject>Glucosides - urine</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Metagenome - physiology</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Polyphenols</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Slurries</subject><subject>Urine</subject><subject>Urine - chemistry</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><issn>0007-1145</issn><issn>1475-2662</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUtrFTEUx4Mo9lr9AG4kIIKb0TwmmclSLr6g0EXrejhJztzmMjOpSWbRb2-GXh8oQleHP-d3nn9CXnL2jjPevb9ijHWct4oLxqTs9COy422nGqG1eEx2W7rZ8mfkWc7HKnvOzFNyJoRhupN8R477uJQU7FpCXGgc6WEt1IIrmALQEmm5QTpjARunkOeNcHewBB8WKpvDtLqYg0da5c06w0Ln4FK0IRZoIOfoAhT0NEHJz8mTEaaML07xnHz79PF6_6W5uPz8df_honHKyNK0YnQCneRWGN-P6BCF16ClF0o4ZXu0epS81c6MHlhrEJUFyYxqbRVSnpO3931vU_y-Yi7DHLLDaYIF45oHLo0xzPSqewAq6puYYX1FX_-FHuOalnrIRindMalUpfg9VZ-Qc8JxuE1hhnQ3cDZsng3_eFZrXp06r3ZG_6vip0kVeHMCIDuYxgSLC_k31wnZt7ytnDwNh9mm4A_4x47_Hf8DKm6tfg</recordid><startdate>20130428</startdate><enddate>20130428</enddate><creator>Hanske, Laura</creator><creator>Engst, Wolfram</creator><creator>Loh, Gunnar</creator><creator>Sczesny, Silke</creator><creator>Blaut, Michael</creator><creator>Braune, Annett</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130428</creationdate><title>Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats</title><author>Hanske, Laura ; Engst, Wolfram ; Loh, Gunnar ; Sczesny, Silke ; Blaut, Michael ; Braune, Annett</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-42fc2ec31b29d8fecee2d6a63d252c5b8eb6f3146c9fda049ee5ba30954b49e33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anthocyanins - analysis</topic><topic>Anthocyanins - metabolism</topic><topic>Anthocyanins - urine</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bacteria - metabolism</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Cells, Cultured</topic><topic>Chromatography, Liquid</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Digestive system</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Feces - chemistry</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology</topic><topic>Glucosides - analysis</topic><topic>Glucosides - metabolism</topic><topic>Glucosides - urine</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Metagenome - physiology</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Polyphenols</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Slurries</topic><topic>Urine</topic><topic>Urine - chemistry</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hanske, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engst, Wolfram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loh, Gunnar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sczesny, Silke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blaut, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braune, Annett</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>British journal of nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hanske, Laura</au><au>Engst, Wolfram</au><au>Loh, Gunnar</au><au>Sczesny, Silke</au><au>Blaut, Michael</au><au>Braune, Annett</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats</atitle><jtitle>British journal of nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>Br J Nutr</addtitle><date>2013-04-28</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>109</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1433</spage><epage>1441</epage><pages>1433-1441</pages><issn>0007-1145</issn><eissn>1475-2662</eissn><coden>BJNUAV</coden><abstract>Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>22906731</pmid><doi>10.1017/S0007114512003376</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0007-1145 |
| ispartof | British journal of nutrition, 2013-04, Vol.109 (8), p.1433-1441 |
| issn | 0007-1145 1475-2662 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1399909857 |
| source | MEDLINE; Cambridge Journals - CAUL Collection; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Animals Anthocyanins - analysis Anthocyanins - metabolism Anthocyanins - urine Bacteria Bacteria - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Body weight Cells, Cultured Chromatography, Liquid Diet Digestive system Feces Feces - chemistry Feeding. Feeding behavior Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology Glucosides - analysis Glucosides - metabolism Glucosides - urine Humans Male Metabolism Metabolites Metagenome - physiology Microbiology Phenols Polyphenols Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rodents Slurries Urine Urine - chemistry Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems |
| title | Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-09T07%3A35%3A38IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Contribution%20of%20gut%20bacteria%20to%20the%20metabolism%20of%20cyanidin%203-glucoside%20in%20human%20microbiota-associated%20rats&rft.jtitle=British%20journal%20of%20nutrition&rft.au=Hanske,%20Laura&rft.date=2013-04-28&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=1433&rft.epage=1441&rft.pages=1433-1441&rft.issn=0007-1145&rft.eissn=1475-2662&rft.coden=BJNUAV&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S0007114512003376&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1399909857%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1325670355&rft_id=info:pmid/22906731&rft_cupid=10_1017_S0007114512003376&rfr_iscdi=true |