Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: Clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans
Cocoa is an important source of polyphenols, which comprise 12–18% of its total dry weight. The major phenolic compounds in cocoa and cocoa products are mainly flavonoids such as epicatechin, catechin, and proanthocyanidins. These products contain higher amounts of flavonoids than other polyphenol‐r...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Molecular nutrition & food research 2013-06, Vol.57 (6), p.936-947 |
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description | Cocoa is an important source of polyphenols, which comprise 12–18% of its total dry weight. The major phenolic compounds in cocoa and cocoa products are mainly flavonoids such as epicatechin, catechin, and proanthocyanidins. These products contain higher amounts of flavonoids than other polyphenol‐rich foods. However, the bioavailability of these compounds depends on other food constituents and their interactions with the food matrix. Many epidemiological and clinical intervention trials have concluded that the ingestion of flavonoids reduces the risk factors of developing cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the new findings regarding the effects of cocoa and chocolate consumption on cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective effects of cocoa flavonoids include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of low‐density lipoproteins oxidation and platelet aggregation, vasodilatation of blood vessels, inhibition of the adherence of monocytes to vascular endothelium, promotion of fibrinolysis, and immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory activity. Scientific evidence supports a cause and effect relationship between consumption of cocoa flavonoids and the maintenance of normal endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, which contributes to normal blood flow. However, larger randomized trials are required to definitively establish the impact of cocoa and cocoa products consumption on hard cardiovascular outcomes. |
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The major phenolic compounds in cocoa and cocoa products are mainly flavonoids such as epicatechin, catechin, and proanthocyanidins. These products contain higher amounts of flavonoids than other polyphenol‐rich foods. However, the bioavailability of these compounds depends on other food constituents and their interactions with the food matrix. Many epidemiological and clinical intervention trials have concluded that the ingestion of flavonoids reduces the risk factors of developing cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the new findings regarding the effects of cocoa and chocolate consumption on cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective effects of cocoa flavonoids include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of low‐density lipoproteins oxidation and platelet aggregation, vasodilatation of blood vessels, inhibition of the adherence of monocytes to vascular endothelium, promotion of fibrinolysis, and immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory activity. Scientific evidence supports a cause and effect relationship between consumption of cocoa flavonoids and the maintenance of normal endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, which contributes to normal blood flow. However, larger randomized trials are required to definitively establish the impact of cocoa and cocoa products consumption on hard cardiovascular outcomes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1613-4125</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1613-4133</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200595</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23650217</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Germany: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Cacao - chemistry ; Cardiotonic Agents - pharmacology ; Cardiovascular disease ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Clinical trials ; Cocoa ; Endothelium, Vascular - cytology ; Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects ; Flavonoids ; Flavonoids - pharmacology ; Humans ; Monocytes - drug effects ; Oxidative Stress - drug effects ; Platelet Aggregation - drug effects ; Polyphenols - pharmacokinetics ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk Factors ; Vasodilation - drug effects</subject><ispartof>Molecular nutrition & food research, 2013-06, Vol.57 (6), p.936-947</ispartof><rights>2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim</rights><rights>2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4185-fc4463074b3873dfbcc89d5ecc4741df75120ed7de73253d324a17d13021e39d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4185-fc4463074b3873dfbcc89d5ecc4741df75120ed7de73253d324a17d13021e39d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fmnfr.201200595$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fmnfr.201200595$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650217$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Arranz, Sara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valderas-Martinez, Palmira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chiva-Blanch, Gemma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casas, Rosa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Urpi-Sarda, Mireia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamuela-Raventos, Rosa M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Estruch, Ramon</creatorcontrib><title>Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: Clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans</title><title>Molecular nutrition & food research</title><addtitle>Mol. Nutr. Food Res</addtitle><description>Cocoa is an important source of polyphenols, which comprise 12–18% of its total dry weight. The major phenolic compounds in cocoa and cocoa products are mainly flavonoids such as epicatechin, catechin, and proanthocyanidins. These products contain higher amounts of flavonoids than other polyphenol‐rich foods. However, the bioavailability of these compounds depends on other food constituents and their interactions with the food matrix. Many epidemiological and clinical intervention trials have concluded that the ingestion of flavonoids reduces the risk factors of developing cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the new findings regarding the effects of cocoa and chocolate consumption on cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective effects of cocoa flavonoids include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of low‐density lipoproteins oxidation and platelet aggregation, vasodilatation of blood vessels, inhibition of the adherence of monocytes to vascular endothelium, promotion of fibrinolysis, and immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory activity. Scientific evidence supports a cause and effect relationship between consumption of cocoa flavonoids and the maintenance of normal endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, which contributes to normal blood flow. However, larger randomized trials are required to definitively establish the impact of cocoa and cocoa products consumption on hard cardiovascular outcomes.</description><subject>Cacao - chemistry</subject><subject>Cardiotonic Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular disease</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Cocoa</subject><subject>Endothelium, Vascular - cytology</subject><subject>Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects</subject><subject>Flavonoids</subject><subject>Flavonoids - pharmacology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Monocytes - drug effects</subject><subject>Oxidative Stress - drug effects</subject><subject>Platelet Aggregation - drug effects</subject><subject>Polyphenols - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Vasodilation - drug effects</subject><issn>1613-4125</issn><issn>1613-4133</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEFvEzEUhC0EoqVw5Yh85LLB9rPjLDcUtQEpFAkFVeJiOfazMN21i70JlF-Po7S5cnqjp29GmiHkNWczzph4N6ZQZoJxwZjq1RNyzuccOskBnp60UGfkRa0_GQMuJDwnZwLmigmuz8nt0hYf813JE7op7pFiCE1VmgN12WX7ni6HmKKzA8V99Jgc0lDySItNPo_xL3rqHomYJix7TFPMiU4l2qG2H_2xG22qL8mz0B746uFekG9Xl5vlx279ZfVp-WHdOckXqgtOyjkwLbew0ODD1rlF7xU6J7XkPmjV2qLXHjUIBR6EtFx7Dq0RQu_hgrw95rZWv3ZYJzPG6nAYbMK8q4a39n0vmNQNnR1RV3KtBYO5K3G05d5wZg4Dm8PA5jRwM7x5yN5tR_Qn_HHRBsgj8DsOeP-fOPP5-uor7xeH3O5oi3XCPyebLbdmrkErc3O9Mt_7m5VYq43ZwD8jbpdZ</recordid><startdate>201306</startdate><enddate>201306</enddate><creator>Arranz, Sara</creator><creator>Valderas-Martinez, Palmira</creator><creator>Chiva-Blanch, Gemma</creator><creator>Casas, Rosa</creator><creator>Urpi-Sarda, Mireia</creator><creator>Lamuela-Raventos, Rosa M.</creator><creator>Estruch, Ramon</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201306</creationdate><title>Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: Clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans</title><author>Arranz, Sara ; Valderas-Martinez, Palmira ; Chiva-Blanch, Gemma ; Casas, Rosa ; Urpi-Sarda, Mireia ; Lamuela-Raventos, Rosa M. ; Estruch, Ramon</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4185-fc4463074b3873dfbcc89d5ecc4741df75120ed7de73253d324a17d13021e39d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Cacao - chemistry</topic><topic>Cardiotonic Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular disease</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Cocoa</topic><topic>Endothelium, Vascular - cytology</topic><topic>Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects</topic><topic>Flavonoids</topic><topic>Flavonoids - pharmacology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Monocytes - drug effects</topic><topic>Oxidative Stress - drug effects</topic><topic>Platelet Aggregation - drug effects</topic><topic>Polyphenols - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Vasodilation - drug effects</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Arranz, Sara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valderas-Martinez, Palmira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chiva-Blanch, Gemma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casas, Rosa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Urpi-Sarda, Mireia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamuela-Raventos, Rosa M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Estruch, Ramon</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Molecular nutrition & food research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Arranz, Sara</au><au>Valderas-Martinez, Palmira</au><au>Chiva-Blanch, Gemma</au><au>Casas, Rosa</au><au>Urpi-Sarda, Mireia</au><au>Lamuela-Raventos, Rosa M.</au><au>Estruch, Ramon</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: Clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans</atitle><jtitle>Molecular nutrition & food research</jtitle><addtitle>Mol. 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subjects | Cacao - chemistry Cardiotonic Agents - pharmacology Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Clinical trials Cocoa Endothelium, Vascular - cytology Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects Flavonoids Flavonoids - pharmacology Humans Monocytes - drug effects Oxidative Stress - drug effects Platelet Aggregation - drug effects Polyphenols - pharmacokinetics Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Risk Factors Vasodilation - drug effects |
title | Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: Clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans |
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