Comparative dose evaluations between XVI and OBI cone beam CT systems using Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters

Purpose: To investigate the effect of energy (kVp) and filters (no filter, half Bowtie, and full Bowtie) on the dose response curves of the Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) in CBCT dose fields. To measure surface and internal doses received during...

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Veröffentlicht in:Medical physics (Lancaster) 2013-06, Vol.40 (6), p.062102-n/a
Hauptverfasser: Giaddui, Tawfik, Cui, Yunfeng, Galvin, James, Yu, Yan, Xiao, Ying
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creator Giaddui, Tawfik
Cui, Yunfeng
Galvin, James
Yu, Yan
Xiao, Ying
description Purpose: To investigate the effect of energy (kVp) and filters (no filter, half Bowtie, and full Bowtie) on the dose response curves of the Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) in CBCT dose fields. To measure surface and internal doses received during x-ray volume imager (XVI) (Version R4.5) and on board imager (OBI) (Version 1.5) CBCT imaging protocols using these two types of dosimeters. Methods: Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLD dose response curves were generated at different kV imaging settings used by XVI (software version R4.5) and OBI (software version 1.5) CBCT systems. The settings for the XVI system were: 100 kVp/F0 (no filter), 120 kVp/F0, and 120 kVp/F1 (Bowtie filter), and for the OBI system were: 100 kVp/full fan, 125 kVp/full fan, and 125 kVp/half fan. XRQA2 film was calibrated in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 11 cGy and scanned using reflection scanning mode with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. NanoDot OSLDs were calibrated on phantom to surface dose levels between 0 and 14 cGy and read using the inLightTM MicroStar reader. Both dosimeters were used to measure in field surface and internal doses in a male Alderson Rando Phantom. Results: Dose response curves of XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs at different XVI and OBI CBCT settings were reported. For XVI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in head region during fast head and neck scan and 4.99 cGy in the chest region during symmetry scan. On the other hand, the internal dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 3.17 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.05 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 2.41 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. For OBI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.19 cGy in head region during head scan and 4.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. However, the internal dose ranged between 0.47 cGy in the head region during head scan and 5.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.45 cGy in the head region during head scan and 3.59 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. Both Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs gave close estimation of dose (within uncertainties) in many cases. Though, discrepancies of up to 20%–30% were observed in some cases. Conclu
doi_str_mv 10.1118/1.4803466
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To measure surface and internal doses received during x-ray volume imager (XVI) (Version R4.5) and on board imager (OBI) (Version 1.5) CBCT imaging protocols using these two types of dosimeters. Methods: Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLD dose response curves were generated at different kV imaging settings used by XVI (software version R4.5) and OBI (software version 1.5) CBCT systems. The settings for the XVI system were: 100 kVp/F0 (no filter), 120 kVp/F0, and 120 kVp/F1 (Bowtie filter), and for the OBI system were: 100 kVp/full fan, 125 kVp/full fan, and 125 kVp/half fan. XRQA2 film was calibrated in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 11 cGy and scanned using reflection scanning mode with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. NanoDot OSLDs were calibrated on phantom to surface dose levels between 0 and 14 cGy and read using the inLightTM MicroStar reader. Both dosimeters were used to measure in field surface and internal doses in a male Alderson Rando Phantom. Results: Dose response curves of XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs at different XVI and OBI CBCT settings were reported. For XVI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in head region during fast head and neck scan and 4.99 cGy in the chest region during symmetry scan. On the other hand, the internal dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 3.17 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.05 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 2.41 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. For OBI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.19 cGy in head region during head scan and 4.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. However, the internal dose ranged between 0.47 cGy in the head region during head scan and 5.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.45 cGy in the head region during head scan and 3.59 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. Both Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs gave close estimation of dose (within uncertainties) in many cases. Though, discrepancies of up to 20%–30% were observed in some cases. Conclusions: Dose response curves of Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs indicated that the dose responses of these two dosimeters were different even at the same photon energy when different filters were used. Uncertainty levels of both dosimetry systems were below 6% at doses above 1 cGy. Both dosimetry systems gave almost similar estimation of doses (within uncertainties) in many cases, with exceptions of some cases when the discrepancy was around 20%–30%. New versions of the CBCT systems (investigated in this study) resulted in lower imaging doses compared with doses reported on earlier versions in previous studies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-2405</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2473-4209</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1118/1.4803466</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23718600</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MPHYA6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Association of Physicists in Medicine</publisher><subject>Anatomy ; Ancillary equipment ; Calibrating of instruments or apparatus ; calibration ; CBCT ; CHEST ; Computed tomography ; Computerised tomographs ; computerised tomography ; COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY ; Cone beam computed tomography ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - instrumentation ; digital filters ; Dose‐volume analysis ; dosimeters ; dosimetry ; Dosimetry/exposure assessment ; Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Film Dosimetry - instrumentation ; Gafchromic film ; HEAD ; image dose ; Lasers ; luminescence ; Medical imaging ; Medical X‐ray imaging ; nanoDot OSLD ; Nanodots ; Optically stimulated luminescence ; PHANTOMS ; Photons ; QUANTUM DOTS ; Radiation Dosage ; RADIATION DOSES ; RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY ; RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE ; reflection ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Standards and calibration ; Surface measurements ; Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00 ; THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSEMETERS ; THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY ; Thermoluminescent Dosimetry - instrumentation ; XVI/OBI</subject><ispartof>Medical physics (Lancaster), 2013-06, Vol.40 (6), p.062102-n/a</ispartof><rights>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><rights>2013 American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4216-f62f9036ac6572175e171f7222decb709d31446bd71741dc67146df1fee671e83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4216-f62f9036ac6572175e171f7222decb709d31446bd71741dc67146df1fee671e83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1118%2F1.4803466$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1118%2F1.4803466$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718600$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/22121030$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Giaddui, Tawfik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Yunfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galvin, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Yan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Ying</creatorcontrib><title>Comparative dose evaluations between XVI and OBI cone beam CT systems using Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters</title><title>Medical physics (Lancaster)</title><addtitle>Med Phys</addtitle><description>Purpose: To investigate the effect of energy (kVp) and filters (no filter, half Bowtie, and full Bowtie) on the dose response curves of the Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) in CBCT dose fields. To measure surface and internal doses received during x-ray volume imager (XVI) (Version R4.5) and on board imager (OBI) (Version 1.5) CBCT imaging protocols using these two types of dosimeters. Methods: Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLD dose response curves were generated at different kV imaging settings used by XVI (software version R4.5) and OBI (software version 1.5) CBCT systems. The settings for the XVI system were: 100 kVp/F0 (no filter), 120 kVp/F0, and 120 kVp/F1 (Bowtie filter), and for the OBI system were: 100 kVp/full fan, 125 kVp/full fan, and 125 kVp/half fan. XRQA2 film was calibrated in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 11 cGy and scanned using reflection scanning mode with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. NanoDot OSLDs were calibrated on phantom to surface dose levels between 0 and 14 cGy and read using the inLightTM MicroStar reader. Both dosimeters were used to measure in field surface and internal doses in a male Alderson Rando Phantom. Results: Dose response curves of XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs at different XVI and OBI CBCT settings were reported. For XVI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in head region during fast head and neck scan and 4.99 cGy in the chest region during symmetry scan. On the other hand, the internal dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 3.17 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.05 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 2.41 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. For OBI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.19 cGy in head region during head scan and 4.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. However, the internal dose ranged between 0.47 cGy in the head region during head scan and 5.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.45 cGy in the head region during head scan and 3.59 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. Both Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs gave close estimation of dose (within uncertainties) in many cases. Though, discrepancies of up to 20%–30% were observed in some cases. Conclusions: Dose response curves of Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs indicated that the dose responses of these two dosimeters were different even at the same photon energy when different filters were used. Uncertainty levels of both dosimetry systems were below 6% at doses above 1 cGy. Both dosimetry systems gave almost similar estimation of doses (within uncertainties) in many cases, with exceptions of some cases when the discrepancy was around 20%–30%. New versions of the CBCT systems (investigated in this study) resulted in lower imaging doses compared with doses reported on earlier versions in previous studies.</description><subject>Anatomy</subject><subject>Ancillary equipment</subject><subject>Calibrating of instruments or apparatus</subject><subject>calibration</subject><subject>CBCT</subject><subject>CHEST</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Computerised tomographs</subject><subject>computerised tomography</subject><subject>COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY</subject><subject>Cone beam computed tomography</subject><subject>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - instrumentation</subject><subject>digital filters</subject><subject>Dose‐volume analysis</subject><subject>dosimeters</subject><subject>dosimetry</subject><subject>Dosimetry/exposure assessment</subject><subject>Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Equipment Failure Analysis</subject><subject>Film Dosimetry - instrumentation</subject><subject>Gafchromic film</subject><subject>HEAD</subject><subject>image dose</subject><subject>Lasers</subject><subject>luminescence</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medical X‐ray imaging</subject><subject>nanoDot OSLD</subject><subject>Nanodots</subject><subject>Optically stimulated luminescence</subject><subject>PHANTOMS</subject><subject>Photons</subject><subject>QUANTUM DOTS</subject><subject>Radiation Dosage</subject><subject>RADIATION DOSES</subject><subject>RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY</subject><subject>RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE</subject><subject>reflection</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Standards and calibration</subject><subject>Surface measurements</subject><subject>Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00</subject><subject>THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSEMETERS</subject><subject>THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY</subject><subject>Thermoluminescent Dosimetry - instrumentation</subject><subject>XVI/OBI</subject><issn>0094-2405</issn><issn>2473-4209</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kcFu1DAURSMEokNhwQ8gS2wAKcXPcezJsgxQRioqoIK6szz2CzWK7RA7U82f8LmkkwGxKSvb8vHxfbpF8RToCQAsX8MJX9KKC3GvWDAuq5Iz2twvFpQ2vGSc1kfFo5R-UEpFVdOHxRGrJCwFpYvi1yr6Xg86uy0SGxMS3OpunM4xJLLBfIMYyNW3NdHBkos3a2JiwOlCe7K6JGmXMvpExuTCd3KmW3M9RO8Mufry-ZSR1nV-_zDoEN_GTGKfndEdSdn5sdMZLelG7wImg8HsEziPGYf0uHjQ6i7hk8N6XHx9_-5y9aE8vzhbr07PS8MZiLIVrG1oJbQRtWQgawQJrWSMWTQbSRtbAediYyVIDtYICVzYFlrEaYvL6rh4PnvjlEkl4zKa62nGgCYrxoABrehEvZipfog_R0xZeTdF7jodMI5JQVVL3tQU5IS-nFEzxJQGbFU_OK-HnQKqbutSoA51Teyzg3bceLR_yT_9TEA5Azeuw93dJvXx00H4auZvB9mX-N_f74S3cfhH3tu2-g1Hzbkk</recordid><startdate>201306</startdate><enddate>201306</enddate><creator>Giaddui, Tawfik</creator><creator>Cui, Yunfeng</creator><creator>Galvin, James</creator><creator>Yu, Yan</creator><creator>Xiao, Ying</creator><general>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201306</creationdate><title>Comparative dose evaluations between XVI and OBI cone beam CT systems using Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters</title><author>Giaddui, Tawfik ; Cui, Yunfeng ; Galvin, James ; Yu, Yan ; Xiao, Ying</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4216-f62f9036ac6572175e171f7222decb709d31446bd71741dc67146df1fee671e83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Anatomy</topic><topic>Ancillary equipment</topic><topic>Calibrating of instruments or apparatus</topic><topic>calibration</topic><topic>CBCT</topic><topic>CHEST</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Computerised tomographs</topic><topic>computerised tomography</topic><topic>COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY</topic><topic>Cone beam computed tomography</topic><topic>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - instrumentation</topic><topic>digital filters</topic><topic>Dose‐volume analysis</topic><topic>dosimeters</topic><topic>dosimetry</topic><topic>Dosimetry/exposure assessment</topic><topic>Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Equipment Failure Analysis</topic><topic>Film Dosimetry - instrumentation</topic><topic>Gafchromic film</topic><topic>HEAD</topic><topic>image dose</topic><topic>Lasers</topic><topic>luminescence</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medical X‐ray imaging</topic><topic>nanoDot OSLD</topic><topic>Nanodots</topic><topic>Optically stimulated luminescence</topic><topic>PHANTOMS</topic><topic>Photons</topic><topic>QUANTUM DOTS</topic><topic>Radiation Dosage</topic><topic>RADIATION DOSES</topic><topic>RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY</topic><topic>RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE</topic><topic>reflection</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Standards and calibration</topic><topic>Surface measurements</topic><topic>Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00</topic><topic>THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSEMETERS</topic><topic>THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY</topic><topic>Thermoluminescent Dosimetry - instrumentation</topic><topic>XVI/OBI</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Giaddui, Tawfik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Yunfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galvin, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Yan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Ying</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Giaddui, Tawfik</au><au>Cui, Yunfeng</au><au>Galvin, James</au><au>Yu, Yan</au><au>Xiao, Ying</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comparative dose evaluations between XVI and OBI cone beam CT systems using Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters</atitle><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle><addtitle>Med Phys</addtitle><date>2013-06</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>40</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>062102</spage><epage>n/a</epage><pages>062102-n/a</pages><issn>0094-2405</issn><eissn>2473-4209</eissn><coden>MPHYA6</coden><abstract>Purpose: To investigate the effect of energy (kVp) and filters (no filter, half Bowtie, and full Bowtie) on the dose response curves of the Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) in CBCT dose fields. To measure surface and internal doses received during x-ray volume imager (XVI) (Version R4.5) and on board imager (OBI) (Version 1.5) CBCT imaging protocols using these two types of dosimeters. Methods: Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLD dose response curves were generated at different kV imaging settings used by XVI (software version R4.5) and OBI (software version 1.5) CBCT systems. The settings for the XVI system were: 100 kVp/F0 (no filter), 120 kVp/F0, and 120 kVp/F1 (Bowtie filter), and for the OBI system were: 100 kVp/full fan, 125 kVp/full fan, and 125 kVp/half fan. XRQA2 film was calibrated in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 11 cGy and scanned using reflection scanning mode with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. NanoDot OSLDs were calibrated on phantom to surface dose levels between 0 and 14 cGy and read using the inLightTM MicroStar reader. Both dosimeters were used to measure in field surface and internal doses in a male Alderson Rando Phantom. Results: Dose response curves of XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs at different XVI and OBI CBCT settings were reported. For XVI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in head region during fast head and neck scan and 4.99 cGy in the chest region during symmetry scan. On the other hand, the internal dose ranged between 0.02 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 3.17 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.05 cGy in the head region during fast head and neck scan and 2.41 cGy in the chest region during chest M20 scan. For OBI system, the surface dose ranged between 0.19 cGy in head region during head scan and 4.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. However, the internal dose ranged between 0.47 cGy in the head region during head scan and 5.55 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. The average (internal and external) dose ranged between 0.45 cGy in the head region during head scan and 3.59 cGy in the pelvis region during spot light scan. Both Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs gave close estimation of dose (within uncertainties) in many cases. Though, discrepancies of up to 20%–30% were observed in some cases. Conclusions: Dose response curves of Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot OSLDs indicated that the dose responses of these two dosimeters were different even at the same photon energy when different filters were used. Uncertainty levels of both dosimetry systems were below 6% at doses above 1 cGy. Both dosimetry systems gave almost similar estimation of doses (within uncertainties) in many cases, with exceptions of some cases when the discrepancy was around 20%–30%. New versions of the CBCT systems (investigated in this study) resulted in lower imaging doses compared with doses reported on earlier versions in previous studies.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</pub><pmid>23718600</pmid><doi>10.1118/1.4803466</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record>
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source MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Anatomy
Ancillary equipment
Calibrating of instruments or apparatus
calibration
CBCT
CHEST
Computed tomography
Computerised tomographs
computerised tomography
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
Cone beam computed tomography
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - instrumentation
digital filters
Dose‐volume analysis
dosimeters
dosimetry
Dosimetry/exposure assessment
Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
Equipment Design
Equipment Failure Analysis
Film Dosimetry - instrumentation
Gafchromic film
HEAD
image dose
Lasers
luminescence
Medical imaging
Medical X‐ray imaging
nanoDot OSLD
Nanodots
Optically stimulated luminescence
PHANTOMS
Photons
QUANTUM DOTS
Radiation Dosage
RADIATION DOSES
RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY
RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE
reflection
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity
Standards and calibration
Surface measurements
Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00
THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSEMETERS
THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY
Thermoluminescent Dosimetry - instrumentation
XVI/OBI
title Comparative dose evaluations between XVI and OBI cone beam CT systems using Gafchromic XRQA2 film and nanoDot optical stimulated luminescence dosimeters
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