Creamatocrit Analysis of Human Milk Overestimates Fat and Energy Content When Compared to a Human Milk Analyzer Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy
ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Human milk (HM) is the preferred feeding for human infants but may be inadequate to support the rapid growth of the very‐low‐birth‐weight infant. The creamatocrit (CMCT) has been widely used to guide health care professionals as they analyze HM fortification; howev...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2013-05, Vol.56 (5), p.569-572 |
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| creator | O'Neill, Edward F. Radmacher, Paula G. Sparks, Blake Adamkin, David H. |
| description | ABSTRACT
Background and Objective:
Human milk (HM) is the preferred feeding for human infants but may be inadequate to support the rapid growth of the very‐low‐birth‐weight infant. The creamatocrit (CMCT) has been widely used to guide health care professionals as they analyze HM fortification; however, the CMCT method is based on an equation using assumptions for protein and carbohydrate with fat as the only measured variable. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a human milk analyzer (HMA) would provide more accurate data for fat and energy content than analysis by CMCT.
Methods:
Fifty‐one well‐mixed samples of previously frozen expressed HM were obtained after thawing. Previously assayed “control” milk samples were thawed and also run with unknowns. All milk samples were prewarmed at 40°C and then analyzed by both CMCT and HMA. CMCT fat results were substituted in the CMCT equation to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat results from HMA were entered into a computer model to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat and energy results were compared by paired t test with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. An additional 10 samples were analyzed locally by both methods and then sent to a certified laboratory for quantitative analysis. Results for fat and energy were analyzed by 1‐way analysis of variance with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.
Results:
Mean fat content by CMCT (5.8 ± 1.9 g/dL) was significantly higher than by HMA (3.2 ± 1.1 g/dL, P < 0.001). Mean energy by CMCT (21.8 ± 3.4 kcal/oz) was also significantly higher than by HMA (17.1 ± 2.9, P < 0.001). Comparison of biochemical analysis with HMA of the subset of milk samples showed no statistical difference for fat and energy, whereas CMCT was significantly higher than for both fat (P < 0.001) and energy (P = 0.002).
Conclusions:
The CMCT method appears to overestimate fat and energy content of HM samples when compared with HMA and biochemical methods. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828390e4 |
| format | Article |
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Background and Objective:
Human milk (HM) is the preferred feeding for human infants but may be inadequate to support the rapid growth of the very‐low‐birth‐weight infant. The creamatocrit (CMCT) has been widely used to guide health care professionals as they analyze HM fortification; however, the CMCT method is based on an equation using assumptions for protein and carbohydrate with fat as the only measured variable. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a human milk analyzer (HMA) would provide more accurate data for fat and energy content than analysis by CMCT.
Methods:
Fifty‐one well‐mixed samples of previously frozen expressed HM were obtained after thawing. Previously assayed “control” milk samples were thawed and also run with unknowns. All milk samples were prewarmed at 40°C and then analyzed by both CMCT and HMA. CMCT fat results were substituted in the CMCT equation to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat results from HMA were entered into a computer model to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat and energy results were compared by paired t test with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. An additional 10 samples were analyzed locally by both methods and then sent to a certified laboratory for quantitative analysis. Results for fat and energy were analyzed by 1‐way analysis of variance with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.
Results:
Mean fat content by CMCT (5.8 ± 1.9 g/dL) was significantly higher than by HMA (3.2 ± 1.1 g/dL, P < 0.001). Mean energy by CMCT (21.8 ± 3.4 kcal/oz) was also significantly higher than by HMA (17.1 ± 2.9, P < 0.001). Comparison of biochemical analysis with HMA of the subset of milk samples showed no statistical difference for fat and energy, whereas CMCT was significantly higher than for both fat (P < 0.001) and energy (P = 0.002).
Conclusions:
The CMCT method appears to overestimate fat and energy content of HM samples when compared with HMA and biochemical methods.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0277-2116</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1536-4801</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828390e4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23274342</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JPGND6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hagerstown, MD: Copyright by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN</publisher><subject>Biological and medical sciences ; Computer Simulation ; creamatocrit ; Dietary Carbohydrates - analysis ; Dietary Fats - analysis ; Dietary Proteins - analysis ; Energy Intake ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; human milk ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; mid‐infrared spectroscopy ; Milk, Human - chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared - methods ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><ispartof>Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2013-05, Vol.56 (5), p.569-572</ispartof><rights>2013 by European Society for European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition</rights><rights>Copyright 2013 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN</rights><rights>2014 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4864-8f06d040bf9d8d4ae1db5c329ff19d3241cc2be8aa68f498580bb5c429b6cb43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4864-8f06d040bf9d8d4ae1db5c329ff19d3241cc2be8aa68f498580bb5c429b6cb43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31828390e4$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31828390e4$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27903,27904,45553,45554</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27307323$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274342$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>O'Neill, Edward F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Radmacher, Paula G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sparks, Blake</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adamkin, David H.</creatorcontrib><title>Creamatocrit Analysis of Human Milk Overestimates Fat and Energy Content When Compared to a Human Milk Analyzer Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy</title><title>Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition</title><addtitle>J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Background and Objective:
Human milk (HM) is the preferred feeding for human infants but may be inadequate to support the rapid growth of the very‐low‐birth‐weight infant. The creamatocrit (CMCT) has been widely used to guide health care professionals as they analyze HM fortification; however, the CMCT method is based on an equation using assumptions for protein and carbohydrate with fat as the only measured variable. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a human milk analyzer (HMA) would provide more accurate data for fat and energy content than analysis by CMCT.
Methods:
Fifty‐one well‐mixed samples of previously frozen expressed HM were obtained after thawing. Previously assayed “control” milk samples were thawed and also run with unknowns. All milk samples were prewarmed at 40°C and then analyzed by both CMCT and HMA. CMCT fat results were substituted in the CMCT equation to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat results from HMA were entered into a computer model to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat and energy results were compared by paired t test with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. An additional 10 samples were analyzed locally by both methods and then sent to a certified laboratory for quantitative analysis. Results for fat and energy were analyzed by 1‐way analysis of variance with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.
Results:
Mean fat content by CMCT (5.8 ± 1.9 g/dL) was significantly higher than by HMA (3.2 ± 1.1 g/dL, P < 0.001). Mean energy by CMCT (21.8 ± 3.4 kcal/oz) was also significantly higher than by HMA (17.1 ± 2.9, P < 0.001). Comparison of biochemical analysis with HMA of the subset of milk samples showed no statistical difference for fat and energy, whereas CMCT was significantly higher than for both fat (P < 0.001) and energy (P = 0.002).
Conclusions:
The CMCT method appears to overestimate fat and energy content of HM samples when compared with HMA and biochemical methods.</description><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Computer Simulation</subject><subject>creamatocrit</subject><subject>Dietary Carbohydrates - analysis</subject><subject>Dietary Fats - analysis</subject><subject>Dietary Proteins - analysis</subject><subject>Energy Intake</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>human milk</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infant, Very Low Birth Weight</subject><subject>mid‐infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Milk, Human - chemistry</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Spectrophotometry, Infrared - methods</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><issn>0277-2116</issn><issn>1536-4801</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1u1DAUhS0EokPhDRDyBolNiv-SOAsW7ajTglpaiSKWkePcdEwdJ9gOVbrqI8Ar8iSYzvAjNrCybH3n-N5zEHpKyR4lVfny9PxojzSEcuBUMskrAuIeWtCcF5mQhN5HC8LKMmOUFjvoUQgfCSGlyMlDtMM4KwUXbIG-Lj2oXsVBexPxvlN2DibgocPHU68cPjX2Cp99Bg8hmsRBwCsVsXItPnTgL2e8HFwEF_GHNbh06UflocVxwOpPizvnG_D4fTDuMr21326_GNf5O_rdCDr6IehhnB-jB52yAZ5sz110sTq8WB5nJ2dHr5f7J5kWshCZ7EjREkGarmplKxTQtsk1Z1XX0arlTFCtWQNSqUJ2opK5JE0CBKuaQjeC76IXG9vRD5-mtF3dm6DBWuVgmEJNuShyyXlRJlRsUJ1GDB66evQpCz_XlNQ_uqhTF_XfXSTZs-0PU9ND-0v0M_wEPN8CKmhlUxZOm_CbKzkpOeOJkxvuerARfLiy0zX4eg3KxvW_Zni1lRoL83_NXb85f8sPVqQQsuTfASrWuWc</recordid><startdate>201305</startdate><enddate>201305</enddate><creator>O'Neill, Edward F.</creator><creator>Radmacher, Paula G.</creator><creator>Sparks, Blake</creator><creator>Adamkin, David H.</creator><general>Copyright by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN</general><general>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201305</creationdate><title>Creamatocrit Analysis of Human Milk Overestimates Fat and Energy Content When Compared to a Human Milk Analyzer Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy</title><author>O'Neill, Edward F. ; Radmacher, Paula G. ; Sparks, Blake ; Adamkin, David H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4864-8f06d040bf9d8d4ae1db5c329ff19d3241cc2be8aa68f498580bb5c429b6cb43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Computer Simulation</topic><topic>creamatocrit</topic><topic>Dietary Carbohydrates - analysis</topic><topic>Dietary Fats - analysis</topic><topic>Dietary Proteins - analysis</topic><topic>Energy Intake</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>human milk</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Infant, Very Low Birth Weight</topic><topic>mid‐infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Milk, Human - chemistry</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Spectrophotometry, Infrared - methods</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>O'Neill, Edward F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Radmacher, Paula G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sparks, Blake</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adamkin, David H.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>O'Neill, Edward F.</au><au>Radmacher, Paula G.</au><au>Sparks, Blake</au><au>Adamkin, David H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Creamatocrit Analysis of Human Milk Overestimates Fat and Energy Content When Compared to a Human Milk Analyzer Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy</atitle><jtitle>Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr</addtitle><date>2013-05</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>56</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>569</spage><epage>572</epage><pages>569-572</pages><issn>0277-2116</issn><eissn>1536-4801</eissn><coden>JPGND6</coden><abstract>ABSTRACT
Background and Objective:
Human milk (HM) is the preferred feeding for human infants but may be inadequate to support the rapid growth of the very‐low‐birth‐weight infant. The creamatocrit (CMCT) has been widely used to guide health care professionals as they analyze HM fortification; however, the CMCT method is based on an equation using assumptions for protein and carbohydrate with fat as the only measured variable. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a human milk analyzer (HMA) would provide more accurate data for fat and energy content than analysis by CMCT.
Methods:
Fifty‐one well‐mixed samples of previously frozen expressed HM were obtained after thawing. Previously assayed “control” milk samples were thawed and also run with unknowns. All milk samples were prewarmed at 40°C and then analyzed by both CMCT and HMA. CMCT fat results were substituted in the CMCT equation to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat results from HMA were entered into a computer model to reach a value for energy (kcal/oz). Fat and energy results were compared by paired t test with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. An additional 10 samples were analyzed locally by both methods and then sent to a certified laboratory for quantitative analysis. Results for fat and energy were analyzed by 1‐way analysis of variance with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.
Results:
Mean fat content by CMCT (5.8 ± 1.9 g/dL) was significantly higher than by HMA (3.2 ± 1.1 g/dL, P < 0.001). Mean energy by CMCT (21.8 ± 3.4 kcal/oz) was also significantly higher than by HMA (17.1 ± 2.9, P < 0.001). Comparison of biochemical analysis with HMA of the subset of milk samples showed no statistical difference for fat and energy, whereas CMCT was significantly higher than for both fat (P < 0.001) and energy (P = 0.002).
Conclusions:
The CMCT method appears to overestimate fat and energy content of HM samples when compared with HMA and biochemical methods.</abstract><cop>Hagerstown, MD</cop><pub>Copyright by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN</pub><pmid>23274342</pmid><doi>10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828390e4</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Biological and medical sciences Computer Simulation creamatocrit Dietary Carbohydrates - analysis Dietary Fats - analysis Dietary Proteins - analysis Energy Intake Feeding. Feeding behavior Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology human milk Humans Infant, Newborn Infant, Very Low Birth Weight mid‐infrared spectroscopy Milk, Human - chemistry Models, Biological Reproducibility of Results Spectrophotometry, Infrared - methods Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems |
| title | Creamatocrit Analysis of Human Milk Overestimates Fat and Energy Content When Compared to a Human Milk Analyzer Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy |
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