Enzymatic production of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose from agarose and its purification and in vitro skin whitening and anti-inflammatory activities
3,6-Anhydro- l -galactose (L-AHG) constitutes 50 % of agarose, which is the main component of red macroalgae. No information is currently available on the mass production, metabolic fate, or physiological effects of L-AHG. Here, agarose was converted to L-AHG in the following three steps: pre-hydrol...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2013-04, Vol.97 (7), p.2961-2970 |
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| creator | Yun, Eun Ju Lee, Saeyoung Kim, Ji Hye Kim, Bo Bae Kim, Hee Taek Lee, Sun Hee Pelton, Jeffrey G. Kang, Nam Joo Choi, In-Geol Kim, Kyoung Heon |
| description | 3,6-Anhydro-
l
-galactose (L-AHG) constitutes 50 % of agarose, which is the main component of red macroalgae. No information is currently available on the mass production, metabolic fate, or physiological effects of L-AHG. Here, agarose was converted to L-AHG in the following three steps: pre-hydrolysis of agarose into agaro-oligosaccharides by using acetic acid, hydrolysis of the agaro-oligosaccharides into neoagarobiose by an exo-agarase, and hydrolysis of neoagarobiose into L-AHG and galactose by a neoagarobiose hydrolase. After these three steps, L-AHG was purified by adsorption and gel permeation chromatographies. The final product obtained was 95.6 % pure L-AHG at a final yield of 4.0 % based on the initial agarose. In a cell proliferation assay, L-AHG at a concentration of 100 or 200 μg/ mL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity. In a skin whitening assay, 100 μg/ mL of L-AHG showed significantly lower melanin production compared to arbutin. L-AHG at 100 and 200 μg/ mL showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, indicating the significant suppression of nitrite production. This is the first report on the production of high-purity L-AHG and its physiological activities. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00253-012-4184-z |
| format | Article |
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l
-galactose (L-AHG) constitutes 50 % of agarose, which is the main component of red macroalgae. No information is currently available on the mass production, metabolic fate, or physiological effects of L-AHG. Here, agarose was converted to L-AHG in the following three steps: pre-hydrolysis of agarose into agaro-oligosaccharides by using acetic acid, hydrolysis of the agaro-oligosaccharides into neoagarobiose by an exo-agarase, and hydrolysis of neoagarobiose into L-AHG and galactose by a neoagarobiose hydrolase. After these three steps, L-AHG was purified by adsorption and gel permeation chromatographies. The final product obtained was 95.6 % pure L-AHG at a final yield of 4.0 % based on the initial agarose. In a cell proliferation assay, L-AHG at a concentration of 100 or 200 μg/ mL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity. In a skin whitening assay, 100 μg/ mL of L-AHG showed significantly lower melanin production compared to arbutin. L-AHG at 100 and 200 μg/ mL showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, indicating the significant suppression of nitrite production. This is the first report on the production of high-purity L-AHG and its physiological activities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0175-7598</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-0614</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4184-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22678025</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Acetic acid ; Acetic Acid - metabolism ; Acids ; Algae ; Analysis ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - isolation & purification ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - metabolism ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - toxicity ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins ; Biotechnology ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation - drug effects ; Cell Survival - drug effects ; Chromatography ; Cytotoxicity ; Disaccharidases - metabolism ; Enzymes ; Galactose - analogs & derivatives ; Galactose - isolation & purification ; Galactose - metabolism ; Galactose - pharmacology ; Galactose - toxicity ; Glycoside Hydrolases - metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Industrial production ; Life Sciences ; Macrophages - drug effects ; Melanins - biosynthesis ; Melanocytes - drug effects ; Metabolism ; Mice ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Microbiology ; Pharmaceuticals ; Physiology ; Sepharose - metabolism ; Skin Lightening Preparations - isolation & purification ; Skin Lightening Preparations - metabolism ; Skin Lightening Preparations - pharmacology ; Skin Lightening Preparations - toxicity ; Studies</subject><ispartof>Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2013-04, Vol.97 (7), p.2961-2970</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2012</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-9c9dcc8566d60beb969c33c6bcb43e34fddbd067fede57a8f02a9a00a51443013</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-9c9dcc8566d60beb969c33c6bcb43e34fddbd067fede57a8f02a9a00a51443013</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00253-012-4184-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-012-4184-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678025$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yun, Eun Ju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Saeyoung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Ji Hye</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Bo Bae</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Hee Taek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Sun Hee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pelton, Jeffrey G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Nam Joo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, In-Geol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Kyoung Heon</creatorcontrib><title>Enzymatic production of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose from agarose and its purification and in vitro skin whitening and anti-inflammatory activities</title><title>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</title><addtitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</addtitle><addtitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</addtitle><description>3,6-Anhydro-
l
-galactose (L-AHG) constitutes 50 % of agarose, which is the main component of red macroalgae. No information is currently available on the mass production, metabolic fate, or physiological effects of L-AHG. Here, agarose was converted to L-AHG in the following three steps: pre-hydrolysis of agarose into agaro-oligosaccharides by using acetic acid, hydrolysis of the agaro-oligosaccharides into neoagarobiose by an exo-agarase, and hydrolysis of neoagarobiose into L-AHG and galactose by a neoagarobiose hydrolase. After these three steps, L-AHG was purified by adsorption and gel permeation chromatographies. The final product obtained was 95.6 % pure L-AHG at a final yield of 4.0 % based on the initial agarose. In a cell proliferation assay, L-AHG at a concentration of 100 or 200 μg/ mL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity. In a skin whitening assay, 100 μg/ mL of L-AHG showed significantly lower melanin production compared to arbutin. L-AHG at 100 and 200 μg/ mL showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, indicating the significant suppression of nitrite production. This is the first report on the production of high-purity L-AHG and its physiological activities.</description><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Acetic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Algae</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - metabolism</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - toxicity</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Cell Line</subject><subject>Cell Proliferation - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell Survival - drug effects</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Disaccharidases - metabolism</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Galactose - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Galactose - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Galactose - metabolism</subject><subject>Galactose - pharmacology</subject><subject>Galactose - toxicity</subject><subject>Glycoside Hydrolases - metabolism</subject><subject>Hydrolysis</subject><subject>Industrial production</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Macrophages - drug effects</subject><subject>Melanins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Melanocytes - drug effects</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Microbial Genetics and Genomics</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Pharmaceuticals</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Sepharose - metabolism</subject><subject>Skin Lightening Preparations - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Skin Lightening Preparations - metabolism</subject><subject>Skin Lightening Preparations - pharmacology</subject><subject>Skin Lightening Preparations - toxicity</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>0175-7598</issn><issn>1432-0614</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1u1DAUhS0EotPCA7BBltiwwO117DjJElWFIlXqhq4txz9Tl8QebAc08xA8M56ZghASEiv_3O-cq3sPQq8onFOA7iIDNC0jQBvCac_J7glaUc4aAoLyp2gFtGtJ1w79CTrN-QEq2AvxHJ00jej6ql2hH1dht51V8RpvUjSLLj4GHB1m7wRR4X5rUiQTWatJ6RKzxS7FGau1SvuHCgb7kvFmSd55rQ7iw2fA33xJEecv9fr93hcbfFgfaioUT3xwk5pr45i2uFr7inubX6BnTk3Zvnw8z9Ddh6vPl9fk5vbjp8v3N0Rz3hQy6MFo3bdCGAGjHQcxaMa0GPXImWXcGTMaEJ2zxrad6h00alAAqqWcM6DsDL09-tahvy42Fzn7rO00qWDjkiVlDevrjhn8B0p7MXSCtRV98xf6EJcU6iAHCtraem9Ij5SuO8zJOrlJflZpKynIfa7ymKusccl9rnJXNa8fnZdxtua34leQFWiOQK6lsLbpj9b_dP0J7KuwFw</recordid><startdate>20130401</startdate><enddate>20130401</enddate><creator>Yun, Eun Ju</creator><creator>Lee, Saeyoung</creator><creator>Kim, Ji Hye</creator><creator>Kim, Bo Bae</creator><creator>Kim, Hee Taek</creator><creator>Lee, Sun Hee</creator><creator>Pelton, Jeffrey G.</creator><creator>Kang, Nam Joo</creator><creator>Choi, In-Geol</creator><creator>Kim, Kyoung Heon</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QO</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130401</creationdate><title>Enzymatic production of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose from agarose and its purification and in vitro skin whitening and anti-inflammatory activities</title><author>Yun, Eun Ju ; Lee, Saeyoung ; Kim, Ji Hye ; Kim, Bo Bae ; Kim, Hee Taek ; Lee, Sun Hee ; Pelton, Jeffrey G. ; Kang, Nam Joo ; Choi, In-Geol ; Kim, Kyoung Heon</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-9c9dcc8566d60beb969c33c6bcb43e34fddbd067fede57a8f02a9a00a51443013</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Acetic acid</topic><topic>Acetic Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Algae</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - metabolism</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents - toxicity</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Cell Line</topic><topic>Cell Proliferation - drug effects</topic><topic>Cell Survival - drug effects</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Disaccharidases - metabolism</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Galactose - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Galactose - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Galactose - metabolism</topic><topic>Galactose - pharmacology</topic><topic>Galactose - toxicity</topic><topic>Glycoside Hydrolases - metabolism</topic><topic>Hydrolysis</topic><topic>Industrial production</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Macrophages - 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Academic</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yun, Eun Ju</au><au>Lee, Saeyoung</au><au>Kim, Ji Hye</au><au>Kim, Bo Bae</au><au>Kim, Hee Taek</au><au>Lee, Sun Hee</au><au>Pelton, Jeffrey G.</au><au>Kang, Nam Joo</au><au>Choi, In-Geol</au><au>Kim, Kyoung Heon</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Enzymatic production of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose from agarose and its purification and in vitro skin whitening and anti-inflammatory activities</atitle><jtitle>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</jtitle><stitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</stitle><addtitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</addtitle><date>2013-04-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>97</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>2961</spage><epage>2970</epage><pages>2961-2970</pages><issn>0175-7598</issn><eissn>1432-0614</eissn><abstract>3,6-Anhydro-
l
-galactose (L-AHG) constitutes 50 % of agarose, which is the main component of red macroalgae. No information is currently available on the mass production, metabolic fate, or physiological effects of L-AHG. Here, agarose was converted to L-AHG in the following three steps: pre-hydrolysis of agarose into agaro-oligosaccharides by using acetic acid, hydrolysis of the agaro-oligosaccharides into neoagarobiose by an exo-agarase, and hydrolysis of neoagarobiose into L-AHG and galactose by a neoagarobiose hydrolase. After these three steps, L-AHG was purified by adsorption and gel permeation chromatographies. The final product obtained was 95.6 % pure L-AHG at a final yield of 4.0 % based on the initial agarose. In a cell proliferation assay, L-AHG at a concentration of 100 or 200 μg/ mL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity. In a skin whitening assay, 100 μg/ mL of L-AHG showed significantly lower melanin production compared to arbutin. L-AHG at 100 and 200 μg/ mL showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, indicating the significant suppression of nitrite production. This is the first report on the production of high-purity L-AHG and its physiological activities.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>22678025</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00253-012-4184-z</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acetic acid Acetic Acid - metabolism Acids Algae Analysis Animals Anti-Inflammatory Agents - isolation & purification Anti-Inflammatory Agents - metabolism Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology Anti-Inflammatory Agents - toxicity Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins Biotechnology Cell Line Cell Proliferation - drug effects Cell Survival - drug effects Chromatography Cytotoxicity Disaccharidases - metabolism Enzymes Galactose - analogs & derivatives Galactose - isolation & purification Galactose - metabolism Galactose - pharmacology Galactose - toxicity Glycoside Hydrolases - metabolism Hydrolysis Industrial production Life Sciences Macrophages - drug effects Melanins - biosynthesis Melanocytes - drug effects Metabolism Mice Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbiology Pharmaceuticals Physiology Sepharose - metabolism Skin Lightening Preparations - isolation & purification Skin Lightening Preparations - metabolism Skin Lightening Preparations - pharmacology Skin Lightening Preparations - toxicity Studies |
| title | Enzymatic production of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose from agarose and its purification and in vitro skin whitening and anti-inflammatory activities |
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