Increased milk protein synthesis in response to exogenous growth hormone is associated with changes in mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)C1-dependent and independent cell signaling

The objective of this study was to determine if increased milk protein synthesis observed in lactating dairy cows treated with growth hormone (GH) was associated with mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulation of downstream factors controlling nucleocytoplasmic expo...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of dairy science 2013-04, Vol.96 (4), p.2327-2338
Hauptverfasser: Sciascia, Q., Pacheco, D., McCoard, S.A.
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Pacheco, D.
McCoard, S.A.
description The objective of this study was to determine if increased milk protein synthesis observed in lactating dairy cows treated with growth hormone (GH) was associated with mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulation of downstream factors controlling nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. To address this objective, biochemical indices of mammary growth and secretory activity and the abundance and phosphorylation status of mTORC1 pathway factors were measured in mammary tissues harvested from nonpregnant lactating dairy cows 6 d after treatment with a slow-release formulation of GH or saline (n=4/group). Treatment with GH increased mammary parenchymal weight and total protein content and tended to increase ribosome number and cell size, whereas protein synthetic efficiency, capacity, and cell number were unchanged. Cellular abundance of the mTORC1 components mTOR and (phosphorylated) mTORSer2448 increased, as did complex eukaryotic initiation factor 4E:eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (eIF4E:4EBP1), whereas no change was observed for mTORC1-downstream targets 4EBP1, 4EBP1Ser65, p70/p85S6K and p70S6KThre389/p85S6KThre412. Changes in activation were not observed for any of the targets measured. These results indicate that GH treatment influences signaling to mTORC1 but not downstream targets involved in the nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. Increased eIF4E:4EBP1 complex formation indicates involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Abundance of MAPK pathway components eIF4E, eIF4ESer209, eIF4E:eIF4G complex, MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), MKNK1Thr197202, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 1 (RPS6KA1) increased significantly in response to GH, whereas relative activation of the proteins was unchanged. Expression of IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 increased, that of IGF1R decreased, and that of IGF1 remained unchanged in response to GH. PatSearch analysis of the milk caseins αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein, MAPK signaling target RPS6KA1, and proliferation gene IGFBP3 mRNA indicated that all contained putative eIF4E-sensitivity elements. In response to GH, these genes were all upregulated, suggesting that increased abundance of eIF4E and eIF4ESer209 plays a role in mediating their nucleocytoplasmic export. We propose that, in response to GH, the IGF1-IGF1R-MAPK signaling cascade regulates eIF4E-mediated nucleocytoplasmic expo
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To address this objective, biochemical indices of mammary growth and secretory activity and the abundance and phosphorylation status of mTORC1 pathway factors were measured in mammary tissues harvested from nonpregnant lactating dairy cows 6 d after treatment with a slow-release formulation of GH or saline (n=4/group). Treatment with GH increased mammary parenchymal weight and total protein content and tended to increase ribosome number and cell size, whereas protein synthetic efficiency, capacity, and cell number were unchanged. Cellular abundance of the mTORC1 components mTOR and (phosphorylated) mTORSer2448 increased, as did complex eukaryotic initiation factor 4E:eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (eIF4E:4EBP1), whereas no change was observed for mTORC1-downstream targets 4EBP1, 4EBP1Ser65, p70/p85S6K and p70S6KThre389/p85S6KThre412. Changes in activation were not observed for any of the targets measured. These results indicate that GH treatment influences signaling to mTORC1 but not downstream targets involved in the nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. Increased eIF4E:4EBP1 complex formation indicates involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Abundance of MAPK pathway components eIF4E, eIF4ESer209, eIF4E:eIF4G complex, MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), MKNK1Thr197202, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 1 (RPS6KA1) increased significantly in response to GH, whereas relative activation of the proteins was unchanged. Expression of IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 increased, that of IGF1R decreased, and that of IGF1 remained unchanged in response to GH. PatSearch analysis of the milk caseins αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein, MAPK signaling target RPS6KA1, and proliferation gene IGFBP3 mRNA indicated that all contained putative eIF4E-sensitivity elements. In response to GH, these genes were all upregulated, suggesting that increased abundance of eIF4E and eIF4ESer209 plays a role in mediating their nucleocytoplasmic export. We propose that, in response to GH, the IGF1-IGF1R-MAPK signaling cascade regulates eIF4E-mediated nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA, whereas mTOR controls cell renewal, cell turnover, and rRNA transcription through an alternative signaling cascade.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-0302</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-3198</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6267</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23462168</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Active Transport, Cell Nucleus - drug effects ; Animals ; beta-casein ; binding proteins ; Caseins - genetics ; Cattle - metabolism ; dairy cows ; dairy protein ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E - physiology ; Female ; gene expression regulation ; genes ; growth hormone ; Growth Hormone - administration &amp; dosage ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - physiology ; Lactalbumin - genetics ; Lactation ; Mammary Glands, Animal - anatomy &amp; histology ; Mammary Glands, Animal - chemistry ; mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 ; messenger RNA ; milk analysis ; Milk Proteins - biosynthesis ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - physiology ; Multiprotein Complexes - physiology ; Organ Size - drug effects ; Phosphorylation ; polypeptides ; Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects ; protein content ; protein synthesis ; Receptor, IGF Type 1 - genetics ; Receptor, IGF Type 1 - physiology ; ribosomal RNA ; ribosomes ; RNA, Messenger - analysis ; RNA, Messenger - genetics ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; Signal Transduction - drug effects ; Signal Transduction - physiology ; somatotropin ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - physiology ; translation (genetics)</subject><ispartof>Journal of dairy science, 2013-04, Vol.96 (4), p.2327-2338</ispartof><rights>2013 American Dairy Science Association</rights><rights>Copyright © 2013 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-424d227bc49bf33463e6637fbd12c8d12374f752deef2bff25b7a1c3af8c35613</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-424d227bc49bf33463e6637fbd12c8d12374f752deef2bff25b7a1c3af8c35613</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6267$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462168$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sciascia, Q.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pacheco, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCoard, S.A.</creatorcontrib><title>Increased milk protein synthesis in response to exogenous growth hormone is associated with changes in mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)C1-dependent and independent cell signaling</title><title>Journal of dairy science</title><addtitle>J Dairy Sci</addtitle><description>The objective of this study was to determine if increased milk protein synthesis observed in lactating dairy cows treated with growth hormone (GH) was associated with mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulation of downstream factors controlling nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. To address this objective, biochemical indices of mammary growth and secretory activity and the abundance and phosphorylation status of mTORC1 pathway factors were measured in mammary tissues harvested from nonpregnant lactating dairy cows 6 d after treatment with a slow-release formulation of GH or saline (n=4/group). Treatment with GH increased mammary parenchymal weight and total protein content and tended to increase ribosome number and cell size, whereas protein synthetic efficiency, capacity, and cell number were unchanged. Cellular abundance of the mTORC1 components mTOR and (phosphorylated) mTORSer2448 increased, as did complex eukaryotic initiation factor 4E:eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (eIF4E:4EBP1), whereas no change was observed for mTORC1-downstream targets 4EBP1, 4EBP1Ser65, p70/p85S6K and p70S6KThre389/p85S6KThre412. Changes in activation were not observed for any of the targets measured. These results indicate that GH treatment influences signaling to mTORC1 but not downstream targets involved in the nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. Increased eIF4E:4EBP1 complex formation indicates involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Abundance of MAPK pathway components eIF4E, eIF4ESer209, eIF4E:eIF4G complex, MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), MKNK1Thr197202, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 1 (RPS6KA1) increased significantly in response to GH, whereas relative activation of the proteins was unchanged. Expression of IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 increased, that of IGF1R decreased, and that of IGF1 remained unchanged in response to GH. PatSearch analysis of the milk caseins αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein, MAPK signaling target RPS6KA1, and proliferation gene IGFBP3 mRNA indicated that all contained putative eIF4E-sensitivity elements. In response to GH, these genes were all upregulated, suggesting that increased abundance of eIF4E and eIF4ESer209 plays a role in mediating their nucleocytoplasmic export. 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histology</subject><subject>Mammary Glands, Animal - chemistry</subject><subject>mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)</subject><subject>Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1</subject><subject>messenger RNA</subject><subject>milk analysis</subject><subject>Milk Proteins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>mitogen-activated protein kinase</subject><subject>Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - physiology</subject><subject>Multiprotein Complexes - physiology</subject><subject>Organ Size - drug effects</subject><subject>Phosphorylation</subject><subject>polypeptides</subject><subject>Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects</subject><subject>protein content</subject><subject>protein synthesis</subject><subject>Receptor, IGF Type 1 - genetics</subject><subject>Receptor, IGF Type 1 - physiology</subject><subject>ribosomal RNA</subject><subject>ribosomes</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - analysis</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>Signal Transduction - drug effects</subject><subject>Signal Transduction - physiology</subject><subject>somatotropin</subject><subject>TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - physiology</subject><subject>translation (genetics)</subject><issn>0022-0302</issn><issn>1525-3198</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kUtvFDEQhEcIRJbAkSv4uDlM8GMemyNa8YgUKRIkZ8tjt2cdxvZgexP2__HD6GEDnLjYKvnraquqql4zei5Yt3l3Z_I5p4zXHe_6J9WKtbytBbvYPK1WlHJeU0H5SfUi5zuUjNP2eXXCRdNxnF5VPy-DTqAyGOLd9I3MKRZwgeRDKDvILhMUCfIcQwZSIoEfcYQQ95mMKT6UHdnF5GMAgqjKOWqnCpo9OHzSOxVG-G3hYREuF6fJ2ivv1eRUOCNFpREKiZYkNSt_0Miu_c31l7Mtqw3MEAyEQlQw6PJPa5gmkt0Y0CaML6tnVk0ZXj3ep9Xtxw8328_11fWny-37q1o3tCl1wxvDeT_o5mKwAiMQ0HWit4NhXG_wEH1j-5YbAMsHa3k79IppoexGi7Zj4rRaH30xpe97yEV6l5evqACYiGSYO-ZKNz2i9RHVKeacwMo5Oa_SQTIql-IkFieX4uRSHPJvHq33gwfzl_7TFAJvj4BVUaoxuSxvv-J8SymjrBEL0R8JwAjuHSSZtYOgwbgEukgT3X-W_wJlQLRf</recordid><startdate>20130401</startdate><enddate>20130401</enddate><creator>Sciascia, Q.</creator><creator>Pacheco, D.</creator><creator>McCoard, S.A.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130401</creationdate><title>Increased milk protein synthesis in response to exogenous growth hormone is associated with changes in mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)C1-dependent and independent cell signaling</title><author>Sciascia, Q. ; Pacheco, D. ; McCoard, S.A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-424d227bc49bf33463e6637fbd12c8d12374f752deef2bff25b7a1c3af8c35613</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Active Transport, Cell Nucleus - drug effects</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>beta-casein</topic><topic>binding proteins</topic><topic>Caseins - genetics</topic><topic>Cattle - metabolism</topic><topic>dairy cows</topic><topic>dairy protein</topic><topic>Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>gene expression regulation</topic><topic>genes</topic><topic>growth hormone</topic><topic>Growth Hormone - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics</topic><topic>Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - physiology</topic><topic>Lactalbumin - genetics</topic><topic>Lactation</topic><topic>Mammary Glands, Animal - anatomy &amp; histology</topic><topic>Mammary Glands, Animal - chemistry</topic><topic>mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)</topic><topic>Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1</topic><topic>messenger RNA</topic><topic>milk analysis</topic><topic>Milk Proteins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>mitogen-activated protein kinase</topic><topic>Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - physiology</topic><topic>Multiprotein Complexes - physiology</topic><topic>Organ Size - drug effects</topic><topic>Phosphorylation</topic><topic>polypeptides</topic><topic>Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects</topic><topic>protein content</topic><topic>protein synthesis</topic><topic>Receptor, IGF Type 1 - genetics</topic><topic>Receptor, IGF Type 1 - physiology</topic><topic>ribosomal RNA</topic><topic>ribosomes</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - analysis</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - genetics</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>Signal Transduction - drug effects</topic><topic>Signal Transduction - physiology</topic><topic>somatotropin</topic><topic>TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - physiology</topic><topic>translation (genetics)</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sciascia, Q.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pacheco, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCoard, S.A.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of dairy science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sciascia, Q.</au><au>Pacheco, D.</au><au>McCoard, S.A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Increased milk protein synthesis in response to exogenous growth hormone is associated with changes in mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)C1-dependent and independent cell signaling</atitle><jtitle>Journal of dairy science</jtitle><addtitle>J Dairy Sci</addtitle><date>2013-04-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>96</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>2327</spage><epage>2338</epage><pages>2327-2338</pages><issn>0022-0302</issn><eissn>1525-3198</eissn><abstract>The objective of this study was to determine if increased milk protein synthesis observed in lactating dairy cows treated with growth hormone (GH) was associated with mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulation of downstream factors controlling nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. To address this objective, biochemical indices of mammary growth and secretory activity and the abundance and phosphorylation status of mTORC1 pathway factors were measured in mammary tissues harvested from nonpregnant lactating dairy cows 6 d after treatment with a slow-release formulation of GH or saline (n=4/group). Treatment with GH increased mammary parenchymal weight and total protein content and tended to increase ribosome number and cell size, whereas protein synthetic efficiency, capacity, and cell number were unchanged. Cellular abundance of the mTORC1 components mTOR and (phosphorylated) mTORSer2448 increased, as did complex eukaryotic initiation factor 4E:eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (eIF4E:4EBP1), whereas no change was observed for mTORC1-downstream targets 4EBP1, 4EBP1Ser65, p70/p85S6K and p70S6KThre389/p85S6KThre412. Changes in activation were not observed for any of the targets measured. These results indicate that GH treatment influences signaling to mTORC1 but not downstream targets involved in the nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA. Increased eIF4E:4EBP1 complex formation indicates involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Abundance of MAPK pathway components eIF4E, eIF4ESer209, eIF4E:eIF4G complex, MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), MKNK1Thr197202, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 1 (RPS6KA1) increased significantly in response to GH, whereas relative activation of the proteins was unchanged. Expression of IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 increased, that of IGF1R decreased, and that of IGF1 remained unchanged in response to GH. PatSearch analysis of the milk caseins αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein, MAPK signaling target RPS6KA1, and proliferation gene IGFBP3 mRNA indicated that all contained putative eIF4E-sensitivity elements. In response to GH, these genes were all upregulated, suggesting that increased abundance of eIF4E and eIF4ESer209 plays a role in mediating their nucleocytoplasmic export. We propose that, in response to GH, the IGF1-IGF1R-MAPK signaling cascade regulates eIF4E-mediated nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of mRNA, whereas mTOR controls cell renewal, cell turnover, and rRNA transcription through an alternative signaling cascade.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>23462168</pmid><doi>10.3168/jds.2012-6267</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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source MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals
subjects Active Transport, Cell Nucleus - drug effects
Animals
beta-casein
binding proteins
Caseins - genetics
Cattle - metabolism
dairy cows
dairy protein
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E - physiology
Female
gene expression regulation
genes
growth hormone
Growth Hormone - administration & dosage
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - physiology
Lactalbumin - genetics
Lactation
Mammary Glands, Animal - anatomy & histology
Mammary Glands, Animal - chemistry
mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
messenger RNA
milk analysis
Milk Proteins - biosynthesis
mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - physiology
Multiprotein Complexes - physiology
Organ Size - drug effects
Phosphorylation
polypeptides
Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects
protein content
protein synthesis
Receptor, IGF Type 1 - genetics
Receptor, IGF Type 1 - physiology
ribosomal RNA
ribosomes
RNA, Messenger - analysis
RNA, Messenger - genetics
RNA, Messenger - metabolism
Signal Transduction - drug effects
Signal Transduction - physiology
somatotropin
TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - physiology
translation (genetics)
title Increased milk protein synthesis in response to exogenous growth hormone is associated with changes in mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR)C1-dependent and independent cell signaling
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