The normal growth of the biceps brachii muscle in human fetuses
The biceps brachii muscle, the strongest flexor and supinator at the elbow joint, and an accessory flexor of the glenohumeral joint is characterized by the two heads, long and short. The purpose of this study was to examine the linear parameters (length and width) of the biceps brachii in human fetu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University 2013-01, Vol.22 (1), p.17-26 |
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| container_title | Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University |
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| creator | Szpinda, Michał Paruszewska-Achtel, Monika Dąbrowska, Maria Badura, Mateusz Elminowska-Wenda, Gabriela Sobolewska, Adrianna Szpinda, Anna |
| description | The biceps brachii muscle, the strongest flexor and supinator at the elbow joint, and an accessory flexor of the glenohumeral joint is characterized by the two heads, long and short.
The purpose of this study was to examine the linear parameters (length and width) of the biceps brachii in human fetuses and to provide their mathematical growth models.
Using methods of anatomical dissection, digital analysis (Multiscan v.14.02), and statistics (Student's t-test and regression analysis) the authors bilaterally measured the length (mm) and width (mm) of the biceps brachii muscle in 30 fetuses of both sexes (14♂,16♀), aged 17-30 weeks.
Neither sex nor laterality differences were found. All the parameters studied increased proportionally with age. Both the mean length (5.68 mm) and widths, measured at its mid-length (0.60 mm) and at the widest level (0.65 mm) of the long head's belly, were found to be statistically shorter (5.93 mm, 0.65 mm and 0.72 mm, respectively) when compared to its short head's belly. For these parameters, the following linear models were generated in relation to the long head's belly: y = -0.801 + 0.276 x Age (R2 = 0.591), y = -0.254 + 0.036 x Age (R2 = 0.201) and y = -0.238 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.226), and in relation to the short head's belly: y = -0.134 + 0.258 x Age (R2 = 0.551), y = -0.227 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.241) and y = -0.316 + 0.044 x Age (R2 = 0.333). The tendon length turned out to be the only significantly greater value for the long head (1.89 mm vs. 1.09 mm). The following linear models y = 1.024 + 0.037 x Age (R2 = 0.084) for the long and y = 0.177 + 0.039 x Age (R2 = 0.157) for the short heads were computed.
Neither sex differences nor laterality differences are observed in morphometric parameters of the biceps brachii muscle. The long head's belly is shorter and thinner than that of the short head's belly. The long head's tendon is longer than that of the short head. The developmental dynamics of the biceps brachii muscle follow proportionately. |
| format | Article |
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The purpose of this study was to examine the linear parameters (length and width) of the biceps brachii in human fetuses and to provide their mathematical growth models.
Using methods of anatomical dissection, digital analysis (Multiscan v.14.02), and statistics (Student's t-test and regression analysis) the authors bilaterally measured the length (mm) and width (mm) of the biceps brachii muscle in 30 fetuses of both sexes (14♂,16♀), aged 17-30 weeks.
Neither sex nor laterality differences were found. All the parameters studied increased proportionally with age. Both the mean length (5.68 mm) and widths, measured at its mid-length (0.60 mm) and at the widest level (0.65 mm) of the long head's belly, were found to be statistically shorter (5.93 mm, 0.65 mm and 0.72 mm, respectively) when compared to its short head's belly. For these parameters, the following linear models were generated in relation to the long head's belly: y = -0.801 + 0.276 x Age (R2 = 0.591), y = -0.254 + 0.036 x Age (R2 = 0.201) and y = -0.238 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.226), and in relation to the short head's belly: y = -0.134 + 0.258 x Age (R2 = 0.551), y = -0.227 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.241) and y = -0.316 + 0.044 x Age (R2 = 0.333). The tendon length turned out to be the only significantly greater value for the long head (1.89 mm vs. 1.09 mm). The following linear models y = 1.024 + 0.037 x Age (R2 = 0.084) for the long and y = 0.177 + 0.039 x Age (R2 = 0.157) for the short heads were computed.
Neither sex differences nor laterality differences are observed in morphometric parameters of the biceps brachii muscle. The long head's belly is shorter and thinner than that of the short head's belly. The long head's tendon is longer than that of the short head. The developmental dynamics of the biceps brachii muscle follow proportionately.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1899-5276</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23468258</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Poland</publisher><subject>Female ; Fetus - anatomy & histology ; Fetus - embryology ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Development ; Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology ; Muscle, Skeletal - embryology ; Tendons - anatomy & histology ; Tendons - embryology</subject><ispartof>Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 2013-01, Vol.22 (1), p.17-26</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23468258$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Szpinda, Michał</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paruszewska-Achtel, Monika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dąbrowska, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Badura, Mateusz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elminowska-Wenda, Gabriela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sobolewska, Adrianna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Szpinda, Anna</creatorcontrib><title>The normal growth of the biceps brachii muscle in human fetuses</title><title>Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University</title><addtitle>Adv Clin Exp Med</addtitle><description>The biceps brachii muscle, the strongest flexor and supinator at the elbow joint, and an accessory flexor of the glenohumeral joint is characterized by the two heads, long and short.
The purpose of this study was to examine the linear parameters (length and width) of the biceps brachii in human fetuses and to provide their mathematical growth models.
Using methods of anatomical dissection, digital analysis (Multiscan v.14.02), and statistics (Student's t-test and regression analysis) the authors bilaterally measured the length (mm) and width (mm) of the biceps brachii muscle in 30 fetuses of both sexes (14♂,16♀), aged 17-30 weeks.
Neither sex nor laterality differences were found. All the parameters studied increased proportionally with age. Both the mean length (5.68 mm) and widths, measured at its mid-length (0.60 mm) and at the widest level (0.65 mm) of the long head's belly, were found to be statistically shorter (5.93 mm, 0.65 mm and 0.72 mm, respectively) when compared to its short head's belly. For these parameters, the following linear models were generated in relation to the long head's belly: y = -0.801 + 0.276 x Age (R2 = 0.591), y = -0.254 + 0.036 x Age (R2 = 0.201) and y = -0.238 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.226), and in relation to the short head's belly: y = -0.134 + 0.258 x Age (R2 = 0.551), y = -0.227 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.241) and y = -0.316 + 0.044 x Age (R2 = 0.333). The tendon length turned out to be the only significantly greater value for the long head (1.89 mm vs. 1.09 mm). The following linear models y = 1.024 + 0.037 x Age (R2 = 0.084) for the long and y = 0.177 + 0.039 x Age (R2 = 0.157) for the short heads were computed.
Neither sex differences nor laterality differences are observed in morphometric parameters of the biceps brachii muscle. The long head's belly is shorter and thinner than that of the short head's belly. The long head's tendon is longer than that of the short head. The developmental dynamics of the biceps brachii muscle follow proportionately.</description><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fetus - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Fetus - embryology</subject><subject>Gestational Age</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Muscle Development</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - embryology</subject><subject>Tendons - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Tendons - embryology</subject><issn>1899-5276</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNo1j01LxDAYhHNQ3GXdvyA5einks2lOIotfsLCX9VzSN4mNNG1NGsR_b8F1LgMzDwNzhba00bqSTNUbtM_5k6wSmmkibtCGcVE3TDZb9HDuHR6nFM2AP9L0vfR48nhZwy6AmzPukoE-BBxLhsHhMOK-RDNi75aSXb5F194M2e0vvkPvz0_nw2t1PL28HR6P1cwoXSrVEc1NLRl4QmUtbeO1AAEENBgvNDCiJCiwUhFrLbPeWtKtPZGgFW_4Dt3_7c5p-iouL20MGdwwmNFNJbeUr7Oc1lSv6N0FLV10tp1TiCb9tP-n-S9gUFJE</recordid><startdate>201301</startdate><enddate>201301</enddate><creator>Szpinda, Michał</creator><creator>Paruszewska-Achtel, Monika</creator><creator>Dąbrowska, Maria</creator><creator>Badura, Mateusz</creator><creator>Elminowska-Wenda, Gabriela</creator><creator>Sobolewska, Adrianna</creator><creator>Szpinda, Anna</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201301</creationdate><title>The normal growth of the biceps brachii muscle in human fetuses</title><author>Szpinda, Michał ; Paruszewska-Achtel, Monika ; Dąbrowska, Maria ; Badura, Mateusz ; Elminowska-Wenda, Gabriela ; Sobolewska, Adrianna ; Szpinda, Anna</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-p211t-7b093a652cf01565d8f94c4c0c9caf49c2075c7cd570ddd2dfdd0b4c005c97383</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fetus - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Fetus - embryology</topic><topic>Gestational Age</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Muscle Development</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - embryology</topic><topic>Tendons - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Tendons - embryology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Szpinda, Michał</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paruszewska-Achtel, Monika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dąbrowska, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Badura, Mateusz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elminowska-Wenda, Gabriela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sobolewska, Adrianna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Szpinda, Anna</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Szpinda, Michał</au><au>Paruszewska-Achtel, Monika</au><au>Dąbrowska, Maria</au><au>Badura, Mateusz</au><au>Elminowska-Wenda, Gabriela</au><au>Sobolewska, Adrianna</au><au>Szpinda, Anna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The normal growth of the biceps brachii muscle in human fetuses</atitle><jtitle>Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University</jtitle><addtitle>Adv Clin Exp Med</addtitle><date>2013-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>17</spage><epage>26</epage><pages>17-26</pages><issn>1899-5276</issn><abstract>The biceps brachii muscle, the strongest flexor and supinator at the elbow joint, and an accessory flexor of the glenohumeral joint is characterized by the two heads, long and short.
The purpose of this study was to examine the linear parameters (length and width) of the biceps brachii in human fetuses and to provide their mathematical growth models.
Using methods of anatomical dissection, digital analysis (Multiscan v.14.02), and statistics (Student's t-test and regression analysis) the authors bilaterally measured the length (mm) and width (mm) of the biceps brachii muscle in 30 fetuses of both sexes (14♂,16♀), aged 17-30 weeks.
Neither sex nor laterality differences were found. All the parameters studied increased proportionally with age. Both the mean length (5.68 mm) and widths, measured at its mid-length (0.60 mm) and at the widest level (0.65 mm) of the long head's belly, were found to be statistically shorter (5.93 mm, 0.65 mm and 0.72 mm, respectively) when compared to its short head's belly. For these parameters, the following linear models were generated in relation to the long head's belly: y = -0.801 + 0.276 x Age (R2 = 0.591), y = -0.254 + 0.036 x Age (R2 = 0.201) and y = -0.238 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.226), and in relation to the short head's belly: y = -0.134 + 0.258 x Age (R2 = 0.551), y = -0.227 + 0.038 x Age (R2 = 0.241) and y = -0.316 + 0.044 x Age (R2 = 0.333). The tendon length turned out to be the only significantly greater value for the long head (1.89 mm vs. 1.09 mm). The following linear models y = 1.024 + 0.037 x Age (R2 = 0.084) for the long and y = 0.177 + 0.039 x Age (R2 = 0.157) for the short heads were computed.
Neither sex differences nor laterality differences are observed in morphometric parameters of the biceps brachii muscle. The long head's belly is shorter and thinner than that of the short head's belly. The long head's tendon is longer than that of the short head. The developmental dynamics of the biceps brachii muscle follow proportionately.</abstract><cop>Poland</cop><pmid>23468258</pmid><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | Female Fetus - anatomy & histology Fetus - embryology Gestational Age Humans Male Muscle Development Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology Muscle, Skeletal - embryology Tendons - anatomy & histology Tendons - embryology |
| title | The normal growth of the biceps brachii muscle in human fetuses |
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