Life cycle assessment of single use thermoform boxes made from polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid, (PLA), and PLA/starch: cradle to consumer gate
PURPOSE: Currently, the bio-based plastics have been drawing considerable attention from the packaging industry as a sustainable solution for replacing petroleum-based plastics in order to reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. This work has benchmarked the environmental impact...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The international journal of life cycle assessment 2013-02, Vol.18 (2), p.401-417 |
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| creator | Suwanmanee, Unchalee Varabuntoonvit, Viganda Chaiwutthinan, Phasawat Tajan, Monchai Mungcharoen, Thumrongrut Leejarkpai, Thanawadee |
| description | PURPOSE: Currently, the bio-based plastics have been drawing considerable attention from the packaging industry as a sustainable solution for replacing petroleum-based plastics in order to reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. This work has benchmarked the environmental impact of bio-based against petroleum-based plastics for single use boxes. In this paper, the cradle to consumer gate environmental impact data of these boxes was calculated and reported as part 1. End-of-life options of both bio- and petroleum-based boxes are an important subject which will be further studied for part 2. The energy sources in this work were taken from the Thailand energy database namely: Thai electricity grid mix (TEGM), Thai coal electricity (TCE), Thai natural gas combine cycle (TNGCC), and Thai coal integrated gasification combine cycle (TIGCC). METHODS: The materials studied were polystyrene (PS) derived from petroleum, polylactic acid (PLA) derived from corn, and PLA/cassava starch blend (PLA/starch). The tray with lid (herein after called box) was processed in a plastic manufacturing in Thailand using cast sheet extrusion and then thermoforming techniques. The functional unit is specified as 10,000 units of 8.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 cm of PS, PLA, and PLA/starch boxes which weigh 447.60, 597.60, and 549.56 kg, respectively. Three impact categories; namely global warming potential including direct greenhouse gas, and indirect land use change (LUC) emissions, acidification, and photochemical ozone formation are investigated. Finally, the normalization results including and excluding LUC consideration were compared and reported. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results from this study have shown that the total environmental impact including LUC emission of bio-based boxes were different when the various energy sources were supplied throughout the life cycle production stage. It can be seen that the PS box has lower environmental impact than PLA and PLA/starch boxes when TEGM, TCE, TNGCC, and TIGCC were used as energy supplied. LUC of renewable feedstocks, such as corn and cassava, were considered as the biggest impact of absolute scores of PLA and PLA/starch boxes. These results are consistent with Piemonte and Gironi (2010). CONCLUSIONS: PLA and PLA/starch boxes give a slightly higher environmental impact than the PS box by 1.59 and 1.09 times, respectively, when LUC was not accounted in the absolute scores and clean energy TIGCC was used throughout the life c |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11367-012-0479-7 |
| format | Article |
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This work has benchmarked the environmental impact of bio-based against petroleum-based plastics for single use boxes. In this paper, the cradle to consumer gate environmental impact data of these boxes was calculated and reported as part 1. End-of-life options of both bio- and petroleum-based boxes are an important subject which will be further studied for part 2. The energy sources in this work were taken from the Thailand energy database namely: Thai electricity grid mix (TEGM), Thai coal electricity (TCE), Thai natural gas combine cycle (TNGCC), and Thai coal integrated gasification combine cycle (TIGCC). METHODS: The materials studied were polystyrene (PS) derived from petroleum, polylactic acid (PLA) derived from corn, and PLA/cassava starch blend (PLA/starch). The tray with lid (herein after called box) was processed in a plastic manufacturing in Thailand using cast sheet extrusion and then thermoforming techniques. The functional unit is specified as 10,000 units of 8.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 cm of PS, PLA, and PLA/starch boxes which weigh 447.60, 597.60, and 549.56 kg, respectively. Three impact categories; namely global warming potential including direct greenhouse gas, and indirect land use change (LUC) emissions, acidification, and photochemical ozone formation are investigated. Finally, the normalization results including and excluding LUC consideration were compared and reported. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results from this study have shown that the total environmental impact including LUC emission of bio-based boxes were different when the various energy sources were supplied throughout the life cycle production stage. It can be seen that the PS box has lower environmental impact than PLA and PLA/starch boxes when TEGM, TCE, TNGCC, and TIGCC were used as energy supplied. LUC of renewable feedstocks, such as corn and cassava, were considered as the biggest impact of absolute scores of PLA and PLA/starch boxes. These results are consistent with Piemonte and Gironi (2010). CONCLUSIONS: PLA and PLA/starch boxes give a slightly higher environmental impact than the PS box by 1.59 and 1.09 times, respectively, when LUC was not accounted in the absolute scores and clean energy TIGCC was used throughout the life cycle.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0948-3349</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7502</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11367-012-0479-7</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Acidification ; Bioplastics ; Boxes ; Carbohydrates ; cassava ; cassava starch ; Clean energy ; Climate change ; coal ; Corn ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Electricity ; Emissions ; energy ; Energy sources ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology ; Environmental impact ; extrusion ; feedstocks ; Gasification ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gases ; Land use ; land use change ; Lca for Plastics ; Life cycle analysis ; life cycle assessment ; Life cycles ; Manihot esculenta ; manufacturing ; Natural gas ; ozone ; packaging ; Petroleum ; Petroleum industry ; Photochemicals ; Plastic debris ; plastics ; Polylactic acid ; Polystyrene ; polystyrenes ; Product life cycle ; renewable energy sources ; Starch ; wastes</subject><ispartof>The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2013-02, Vol.18 (2), p.401-417</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2012</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-18e7ec36049b903effb69f826da5f5ad7a4af72d300fed9255f5c841247549c53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-18e7ec36049b903effb69f826da5f5ad7a4af72d300fed9255f5c841247549c53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11367-012-0479-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11367-012-0479-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Suwanmanee, Unchalee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varabuntoonvit, Viganda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaiwutthinan, Phasawat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tajan, Monchai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mungcharoen, Thumrongrut</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leejarkpai, Thanawadee</creatorcontrib><title>Life cycle assessment of single use thermoform boxes made from polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid, (PLA), and PLA/starch: cradle to consumer gate</title><title>The international journal of life cycle assessment</title><addtitle>Int J Life Cycle Assess</addtitle><description>PURPOSE: Currently, the bio-based plastics have been drawing considerable attention from the packaging industry as a sustainable solution for replacing petroleum-based plastics in order to reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. This work has benchmarked the environmental impact of bio-based against petroleum-based plastics for single use boxes. In this paper, the cradle to consumer gate environmental impact data of these boxes was calculated and reported as part 1. End-of-life options of both bio- and petroleum-based boxes are an important subject which will be further studied for part 2. The energy sources in this work were taken from the Thailand energy database namely: Thai electricity grid mix (TEGM), Thai coal electricity (TCE), Thai natural gas combine cycle (TNGCC), and Thai coal integrated gasification combine cycle (TIGCC). METHODS: The materials studied were polystyrene (PS) derived from petroleum, polylactic acid (PLA) derived from corn, and PLA/cassava starch blend (PLA/starch). The tray with lid (herein after called box) was processed in a plastic manufacturing in Thailand using cast sheet extrusion and then thermoforming techniques. The functional unit is specified as 10,000 units of 8.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 cm of PS, PLA, and PLA/starch boxes which weigh 447.60, 597.60, and 549.56 kg, respectively. Three impact categories; namely global warming potential including direct greenhouse gas, and indirect land use change (LUC) emissions, acidification, and photochemical ozone formation are investigated. Finally, the normalization results including and excluding LUC consideration were compared and reported. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results from this study have shown that the total environmental impact including LUC emission of bio-based boxes were different when the various energy sources were supplied throughout the life cycle production stage. It can be seen that the PS box has lower environmental impact than PLA and PLA/starch boxes when TEGM, TCE, TNGCC, and TIGCC were used as energy supplied. LUC of renewable feedstocks, such as corn and cassava, were considered as the biggest impact of absolute scores of PLA and PLA/starch boxes. These results are consistent with Piemonte and Gironi (2010). CONCLUSIONS: PLA and PLA/starch boxes give a slightly higher environmental impact than the PS box by 1.59 and 1.09 times, respectively, when LUC was not accounted in the absolute scores and clean energy TIGCC was used throughout the life cycle.</description><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Bioplastics</subject><subject>Boxes</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>cassava</subject><subject>cassava starch</subject><subject>Clean energy</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>coal</subject><subject>Corn</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Electricity</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>energy</subject><subject>Energy sources</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Economics</subject><subject>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>extrusion</subject><subject>feedstocks</subject><subject>Gasification</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Greenhouse gases</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>land use change</subject><subject>Lca for Plastics</subject><subject>Life cycle analysis</subject><subject>life cycle assessment</subject><subject>Life cycles</subject><subject>Manihot esculenta</subject><subject>manufacturing</subject><subject>Natural gas</subject><subject>ozone</subject><subject>packaging</subject><subject>Petroleum</subject><subject>Petroleum industry</subject><subject>Photochemicals</subject><subject>Plastic debris</subject><subject>plastics</subject><subject>Polylactic acid</subject><subject>Polystyrene</subject><subject>polystyrenes</subject><subject>Product life cycle</subject><subject>renewable energy sources</subject><subject>Starch</subject><subject>wastes</subject><issn>0948-3349</issn><issn>1614-7502</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kcGK1TAUhosoeB19AFcG3Iwwdc5J0qZ1NwzOKFxQGGcdctOTOx3a5prTgvctfGRzrQtx4SqHj-__CfxF8RrhPQKYS0ZUtSkBZQnatKV5UmywRl2aCuTTYgOtbkqldPu8eMH8CCAR2mpT_Nz2gYQ_-oGEYybmkaZZxCC4n_YZLkxifqA0xhDTKHbxB7EYXUcipDiKQxyOPB8TTSTOv969u_hNBufn3gvn--4i4-1V5m7qRL4ueXbJP3wQPrku989R-DjxMlISezfTy-JZcAPTqz_vWXF_8_Hb9ady--X28_XVtvQaYS6xIUNe1aDbXQuKQtjVbWhk3bkqVK4zTrtgZKcAAnWtrDL1jUapTaVbX6mz4nztPaT4fSGe7dizp2FwE8WFLSqsasRaNVl9-4_6GJc05d9ZlEZKJdGcCnG1fIrMiYI9pH506WgR7Gkju25k80b2tJE1OSPXDGd32lP6q_k_oTdrKLho3T71bO_vJKAGQGPqplK_AGEenKo</recordid><startdate>20130201</startdate><enddate>20130201</enddate><creator>Suwanmanee, Unchalee</creator><creator>Varabuntoonvit, Viganda</creator><creator>Chaiwutthinan, Phasawat</creator><creator>Tajan, Monchai</creator><creator>Mungcharoen, Thumrongrut</creator><creator>Leejarkpai, Thanawadee</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature 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gate</title><author>Suwanmanee, Unchalee ; Varabuntoonvit, Viganda ; Chaiwutthinan, Phasawat ; Tajan, Monchai ; Mungcharoen, Thumrongrut ; Leejarkpai, Thanawadee</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-18e7ec36049b903effb69f826da5f5ad7a4af72d300fed9255f5c841247549c53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Acidification</topic><topic>Bioplastics</topic><topic>Boxes</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>cassava</topic><topic>cassava starch</topic><topic>Clean energy</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>coal</topic><topic>Corn</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Electricity</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>energy</topic><topic>Energy sources</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Economics</topic><topic>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>extrusion</topic><topic>feedstocks</topic><topic>Gasification</topic><topic>Global warming</topic><topic>Greenhouse gases</topic><topic>Land use</topic><topic>land use change</topic><topic>Lca for Plastics</topic><topic>Life cycle analysis</topic><topic>life cycle assessment</topic><topic>Life cycles</topic><topic>Manihot esculenta</topic><topic>manufacturing</topic><topic>Natural gas</topic><topic>ozone</topic><topic>packaging</topic><topic>Petroleum</topic><topic>Petroleum industry</topic><topic>Photochemicals</topic><topic>Plastic debris</topic><topic>plastics</topic><topic>Polylactic acid</topic><topic>Polystyrene</topic><topic>polystyrenes</topic><topic>Product life cycle</topic><topic>renewable energy sources</topic><topic>Starch</topic><topic>wastes</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Suwanmanee, Unchalee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varabuntoonvit, Viganda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaiwutthinan, Phasawat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tajan, Monchai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mungcharoen, Thumrongrut</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leejarkpai, Thanawadee</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni 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and PLA/starch: cradle to consumer gate</atitle><jtitle>The international journal of life cycle assessment</jtitle><stitle>Int J Life Cycle Assess</stitle><date>2013-02-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>401</spage><epage>417</epage><pages>401-417</pages><issn>0948-3349</issn><eissn>1614-7502</eissn><abstract>PURPOSE: Currently, the bio-based plastics have been drawing considerable attention from the packaging industry as a sustainable solution for replacing petroleum-based plastics in order to reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. This work has benchmarked the environmental impact of bio-based against petroleum-based plastics for single use boxes. In this paper, the cradle to consumer gate environmental impact data of these boxes was calculated and reported as part 1. End-of-life options of both bio- and petroleum-based boxes are an important subject which will be further studied for part 2. The energy sources in this work were taken from the Thailand energy database namely: Thai electricity grid mix (TEGM), Thai coal electricity (TCE), Thai natural gas combine cycle (TNGCC), and Thai coal integrated gasification combine cycle (TIGCC). METHODS: The materials studied were polystyrene (PS) derived from petroleum, polylactic acid (PLA) derived from corn, and PLA/cassava starch blend (PLA/starch). The tray with lid (herein after called box) was processed in a plastic manufacturing in Thailand using cast sheet extrusion and then thermoforming techniques. The functional unit is specified as 10,000 units of 8.0 × 10.0 × 2.5 cm of PS, PLA, and PLA/starch boxes which weigh 447.60, 597.60, and 549.56 kg, respectively. Three impact categories; namely global warming potential including direct greenhouse gas, and indirect land use change (LUC) emissions, acidification, and photochemical ozone formation are investigated. Finally, the normalization results including and excluding LUC consideration were compared and reported. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results from this study have shown that the total environmental impact including LUC emission of bio-based boxes were different when the various energy sources were supplied throughout the life cycle production stage. It can be seen that the PS box has lower environmental impact than PLA and PLA/starch boxes when TEGM, TCE, TNGCC, and TIGCC were used as energy supplied. LUC of renewable feedstocks, such as corn and cassava, were considered as the biggest impact of absolute scores of PLA and PLA/starch boxes. These results are consistent with Piemonte and Gironi (2010). CONCLUSIONS: PLA and PLA/starch boxes give a slightly higher environmental impact than the PS box by 1.59 and 1.09 times, respectively, when LUC was not accounted in the absolute scores and clean energy TIGCC was used throughout the life cycle.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><doi>10.1007/s11367-012-0479-7</doi><tpages>17</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acidification Bioplastics Boxes Carbohydrates cassava cassava starch Clean energy Climate change coal Corn Earth and Environmental Science Electricity Emissions energy Energy sources Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Economics Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Environmental impact extrusion feedstocks Gasification Global warming Greenhouse gases Land use land use change Lca for Plastics Life cycle analysis life cycle assessment Life cycles Manihot esculenta manufacturing Natural gas ozone packaging Petroleum Petroleum industry Photochemicals Plastic debris plastics Polylactic acid Polystyrene polystyrenes Product life cycle renewable energy sources Starch wastes |
| title | Life cycle assessment of single use thermoform boxes made from polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid, (PLA), and PLA/starch: cradle to consumer gate |
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