Continuous use of oral contraceptives: an overview of effects and side-effects
Objective. To describe the effects and side‐effects of the continuous use of oral contraceptives. Design. A review of articles concerning oral contraceptives taken continuously or in cycles with hormones taken for more than 21 days per cycle. Methods. We searched publications in PubMed and Embase. R...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2013-02, Vol.92 (2), p.125-136 |
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description | Objective. To describe the effects and side‐effects of the continuous use of oral contraceptives. Design. A review of articles concerning oral contraceptives taken continuously or in cycles with hormones taken for more than 21 days per cycle. Methods. We searched publications in PubMed and Embase. Randomized controlled trials were selected if possible, otherwise case–control studies or cohort studies with controls were chosen. A level of evidence as described by the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (Oxford University, Oxford, UK) was assigned to all selected studies. Main outcome measures. Clinical and paraclinical effects and side‐effects of oral contraceptives administered continuously. Results. The studies suggest that the endometrium is inactive during continuous use of oral contraceptives and the risk of endometrial hyperplasia is not increased. Numbers of bleeding days are halved with continuous use; however, spotting and irregular bleeding are more often seen in the beginning of use, decreasing with time. Hemostatic parameters and serum lipid and carbohydrate profiles in continuous and conventional users do not differ. Menstrual cycle‐related symptoms are relieved better by continuous treatment. After surgery for endometriosis, the effect of continuously used oral contraceptives on the risk of recurrence of pain has been found to be less than that of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, but better than the rate seen during conventional cyclic use. Conclusion. Oral contraceptives taken continuously or in long cycles seem to offer benefits with regard to menstrual symptoms and the recurrence of symptoms related to endometriosis. Long‐term studies, comprising large groups of women, are lacking. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/aogs.12036 |
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To describe the effects and side‐effects of the continuous use of oral contraceptives. Design. A review of articles concerning oral contraceptives taken continuously or in cycles with hormones taken for more than 21 days per cycle. Methods. We searched publications in PubMed and Embase. Randomized controlled trials were selected if possible, otherwise case–control studies or cohort studies with controls were chosen. A level of evidence as described by the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (Oxford University, Oxford, UK) was assigned to all selected studies. Main outcome measures. Clinical and paraclinical effects and side‐effects of oral contraceptives administered continuously. Results. The studies suggest that the endometrium is inactive during continuous use of oral contraceptives and the risk of endometrial hyperplasia is not increased. Numbers of bleeding days are halved with continuous use; however, spotting and irregular bleeding are more often seen in the beginning of use, decreasing with time. Hemostatic parameters and serum lipid and carbohydrate profiles in continuous and conventional users do not differ. Menstrual cycle‐related symptoms are relieved better by continuous treatment. After surgery for endometriosis, the effect of continuously used oral contraceptives on the risk of recurrence of pain has been found to be less than that of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, but better than the rate seen during conventional cyclic use. Conclusion. Oral contraceptives taken continuously or in long cycles seem to offer benefits with regard to menstrual symptoms and the recurrence of symptoms related to endometriosis. Long‐term studies, comprising large groups of women, are lacking.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0001-6349</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0412</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12036</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23083413</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AOGSAE</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>benefits ; Biological and medical sciences ; Birth control ; Blood Pressure - physiology ; Body Weight - physiology ; Bone Density - physiology ; continuous use ; Contraceptives, Oral - administration & dosage ; Contraceptives, Oral - adverse effects ; Contraceptives, Oral - therapeutic use ; Endometriosis - surgery ; Endometrium - drug effects ; Endometrium - physiology ; Female ; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics ; Humans ; Medical sciences ; menstrual profile ; Menstruation ; Menstruation - drug effects ; Menstruation - physiology ; Oral contraceptives ; Pelvic Pain - drug therapy ; review ; Secondary Prevention ; side-effects ; Venous Thromboembolism - chemically induced ; Women</subject><ispartof>Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2013-02, Vol.92 (2), p.125-136</ispartof><rights>2012 The Authors © 2012 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology</rights><rights>2014 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2012 The Authors Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica© 2012 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology.</rights><rights>2012 The AuthorsActa Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica© 2012 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4616-9f114ccbe4298d14bac943dc117f12cc597a6e26648ad8269fc9cd3c56d6d49a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4616-9f114ccbe4298d14bac943dc117f12cc597a6e26648ad8269fc9cd3c56d6d49a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Faogs.12036$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Faogs.12036$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26833564$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083413$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>HEE, LENE</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KETTNER, LAURA OZER</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VEJTORP, MOGENS</creatorcontrib><title>Continuous use of oral contraceptives: an overview of effects and side-effects</title><title>Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica</title><addtitle>Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand</addtitle><description>Objective. To describe the effects and side‐effects of the continuous use of oral contraceptives. Design. A review of articles concerning oral contraceptives taken continuously or in cycles with hormones taken for more than 21 days per cycle. Methods. We searched publications in PubMed and Embase. Randomized controlled trials were selected if possible, otherwise case–control studies or cohort studies with controls were chosen. A level of evidence as described by the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (Oxford University, Oxford, UK) was assigned to all selected studies. Main outcome measures. Clinical and paraclinical effects and side‐effects of oral contraceptives administered continuously. Results. The studies suggest that the endometrium is inactive during continuous use of oral contraceptives and the risk of endometrial hyperplasia is not increased. Numbers of bleeding days are halved with continuous use; however, spotting and irregular bleeding are more often seen in the beginning of use, decreasing with time. Hemostatic parameters and serum lipid and carbohydrate profiles in continuous and conventional users do not differ. Menstrual cycle‐related symptoms are relieved better by continuous treatment. After surgery for endometriosis, the effect of continuously used oral contraceptives on the risk of recurrence of pain has been found to be less than that of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, but better than the rate seen during conventional cyclic use. Conclusion. Oral contraceptives taken continuously or in long cycles seem to offer benefits with regard to menstrual symptoms and the recurrence of symptoms related to endometriosis. Long‐term studies, comprising large groups of women, are lacking.</description><subject>benefits</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Birth control</subject><subject>Blood Pressure - physiology</subject><subject>Body Weight - physiology</subject><subject>Bone Density - physiology</subject><subject>continuous use</subject><subject>Contraceptives, Oral - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Contraceptives, Oral - adverse effects</subject><subject>Contraceptives, Oral - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Endometriosis - surgery</subject><subject>Endometrium - drug effects</subject><subject>Endometrium - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>menstrual profile</subject><subject>Menstruation</subject><subject>Menstruation - drug effects</subject><subject>Menstruation - physiology</subject><subject>Oral contraceptives</subject><subject>Pelvic Pain - drug therapy</subject><subject>review</subject><subject>Secondary Prevention</subject><subject>side-effects</subject><subject>Venous Thromboembolism - chemically induced</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>0001-6349</issn><issn>1600-0412</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kEtvEzEUhS0EoqGw4QegkRASQpri1zhjdiWFFKlKFxSxtJzra-QyGaf2TEr_PR6SFokF3lz56LuPcwh5yegJK--9jT_yCeNUqEdkxhSlNZWMPyYzSimrlZD6iDzL-br8-Fy2T8kRF7QVkokZWS1iP4R-jGOuxoxV9FVMtqugyMkCboeww_yhsn0Vd5h2AW8nBr1HGHKRXZWDw_ogPCdPvO0yvjjUY_Lt86erxXl9cbn8sji9qEEqpmrtGZMAa5Rct47JtQUthQPG5p5xgEbPrUKulGyta7nSHjQ4AY1yykltxTF5u5-7TfFmxDyYTciAXWd7LFZMMSrmupFUFvT1P-h1HFNfrpsoThutqCjUuz0FKeac0JttChub7gyjZkrZTCmbPykX-NVh5LjeoHtA72MtwJsDYDPYzifbQ8h_OdUK0ajpNrbnbkOHd_9ZaU4vl1_vl9f7npAH_PXQY9NPo4rpxnxfLc3qozprludX5kz8BidXolY</recordid><startdate>201302</startdate><enddate>201302</enddate><creator>HEE, LENE</creator><creator>KETTNER, LAURA OZER</creator><creator>VEJTORP, MOGENS</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201302</creationdate><title>Continuous use of oral contraceptives: an overview of effects and side-effects</title><author>HEE, LENE ; KETTNER, LAURA OZER ; VEJTORP, MOGENS</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4616-9f114ccbe4298d14bac943dc117f12cc597a6e26648ad8269fc9cd3c56d6d49a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>benefits</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Birth control</topic><topic>Blood Pressure - physiology</topic><topic>Body Weight - physiology</topic><topic>Bone Density - physiology</topic><topic>continuous use</topic><topic>Contraceptives, Oral - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Contraceptives, Oral - adverse effects</topic><topic>Contraceptives, Oral - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Endometriosis - surgery</topic><topic>Endometrium - drug effects</topic><topic>Endometrium - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>menstrual profile</topic><topic>Menstruation</topic><topic>Menstruation - drug effects</topic><topic>Menstruation - physiology</topic><topic>Oral contraceptives</topic><topic>Pelvic Pain - drug therapy</topic><topic>review</topic><topic>Secondary Prevention</topic><topic>side-effects</topic><topic>Venous Thromboembolism - chemically induced</topic><topic>Women</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>HEE, LENE</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KETTNER, LAURA OZER</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VEJTORP, MOGENS</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>HEE, LENE</au><au>KETTNER, LAURA OZER</au><au>VEJTORP, MOGENS</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Continuous use of oral contraceptives: an overview of effects and side-effects</atitle><jtitle>Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica</jtitle><addtitle>Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand</addtitle><date>2013-02</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>125</spage><epage>136</epage><pages>125-136</pages><issn>0001-6349</issn><eissn>1600-0412</eissn><coden>AOGSAE</coden><abstract>Objective. To describe the effects and side‐effects of the continuous use of oral contraceptives. Design. A review of articles concerning oral contraceptives taken continuously or in cycles with hormones taken for more than 21 days per cycle. Methods. We searched publications in PubMed and Embase. Randomized controlled trials were selected if possible, otherwise case–control studies or cohort studies with controls were chosen. A level of evidence as described by the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (Oxford University, Oxford, UK) was assigned to all selected studies. Main outcome measures. Clinical and paraclinical effects and side‐effects of oral contraceptives administered continuously. Results. The studies suggest that the endometrium is inactive during continuous use of oral contraceptives and the risk of endometrial hyperplasia is not increased. Numbers of bleeding days are halved with continuous use; however, spotting and irregular bleeding are more often seen in the beginning of use, decreasing with time. Hemostatic parameters and serum lipid and carbohydrate profiles in continuous and conventional users do not differ. Menstrual cycle‐related symptoms are relieved better by continuous treatment. After surgery for endometriosis, the effect of continuously used oral contraceptives on the risk of recurrence of pain has been found to be less than that of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, but better than the rate seen during conventional cyclic use. Conclusion. Oral contraceptives taken continuously or in long cycles seem to offer benefits with regard to menstrual symptoms and the recurrence of symptoms related to endometriosis. Long‐term studies, comprising large groups of women, are lacking.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>23083413</pmid><doi>10.1111/aogs.12036</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | benefits Biological and medical sciences Birth control Blood Pressure - physiology Body Weight - physiology Bone Density - physiology continuous use Contraceptives, Oral - administration & dosage Contraceptives, Oral - adverse effects Contraceptives, Oral - therapeutic use Endometriosis - surgery Endometrium - drug effects Endometrium - physiology Female Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics Humans Medical sciences menstrual profile Menstruation Menstruation - drug effects Menstruation - physiology Oral contraceptives Pelvic Pain - drug therapy review Secondary Prevention side-effects Venous Thromboembolism - chemically induced Women |
title | Continuous use of oral contraceptives: an overview of effects and side-effects |
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