Increased activation of NADPH oxidase 4 in the pulmonary vasculature in experimental diaphragmatic hernia

Aim Persistent pulmonary hypertension remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). NADPH oxidases (Nox) are the main source of superoxide production in vasculature. Nox4 is highly expressed in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the vascular wall and increased activity has been reported in the pulmonary vasculature of both experimental and human pulmonary hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) is a key regulator of Nox4 expression. Targeted depletion of PPARγ results in pulmonary hypertension phenotype whereas activation of PPARγ attenuates pulmonary hypertension and reduces Nox4 production. The nitrofen-induced CDH model is an established model to study the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in CDH. It has been previously reported that PPARγ-signaling is disrupted during late gestation and H 2 O 2 production is increased in nitrofen-induced CDH. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that Nox4 expression and activation is increased and vascular PPARγ is decreased in nitrofen-induced CDH. Methods Pregnant rats were treated with either nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetuses were sacrificed on D21 and divided into control and CDH. RT-PCR, western blotting and confocal-immunofluorescence-double-staining were performed to determine pulmonary expression levels of PPARγ, Nox4 and Nox4-activation (p22 phox ). Results There was a marked increase in medial and adventitial thickness in pulmonary arteries of all sizes in CDH compared to controls. Pulmonary Nox4 levels were significantly increased whereas PPARγ levels were decreased in nitrofen-induced CDH compared to controls. Western blotting revealed increased pulmonary protein expression of the Nox4-activating subunit p22 phox and decreased protein expression of PPARγ in CDH compared to controls. Confocal-microscopy confirmed markedly increased pulmonary expression of the Nox4 activating subunit p22 phox accompanied by decreased perivascular PPARγ expression in lungs of nitrofen-exposed fetuses compared to controls. Conclusion To our knowledge, the present study is the first to report increased Nox4 production in the pulmonary vasculature of nitrofen-induced CDH. Down-regulation of the PPARγ-signaling pathway may lead to increased superoxide production, resulting in pulmonary vascular dysfunction and contributing to pulmonary hypertension in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. PPARγ-activation inhibiting No