Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study
Objective To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed.Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and t...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BMJ (Online) 2012-12, Vol.345 (7888), p.e8268-e8268 |
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| creator | Hawass, Zahi Ismail, Somaia Selim, Ashraf Saleem, Sahar N Fathalla, Dina Wasef, Sally Gad, Ahmed Z Saad, Rama Fares, Suzan Amer, Hany Gostner, Paul Gad, Yehia Z Pusch, Carsten M Zink, Albert R |
| description | Objective To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed.Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circa 1190-1070 BC).Results Computed tomography scans revealed a deep cut in Ramesses III’s throat, probably made by a sharp knife. During the mummification process, a Horus eye amulet was inserted in the wound for healing purposes, and the neck was covered by a collar of thick linen layers. Forensic examination of unknown man E showed compressed skin folds around his neck and a thoracic inflation. Unknown man E also had an unusual mummification procedure. According to genetic analyses, both mummies had identical haplotypes of the Y chromosome and a common male lineage.Conclusions This study suggests that Ramesses III was murdered during the harem conspiracy by the cutting of his throat. Unknown man E is a possible candidate as Ramesses III’s son Pentawere. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bmj.e8268 |
| format | Article |
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During the mummification process, a Horus eye amulet was inserted in the wound for healing purposes, and the neck was covered by a collar of thick linen layers. Forensic examination of unknown man E showed compressed skin folds around his neck and a thoracic inflation. Unknown man E also had an unusual mummification procedure. According to genetic analyses, both mummies had identical haplotypes of the Y chromosome and a common male lineage.Conclusions This study suggests that Ramesses III was murdered during the harem conspiracy by the cutting of his throat. Unknown man E is a possible candidate as Ramesses III’s son Pentawere.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0959-8138</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1756-1833</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1756-1833</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e8268</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23247979</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: British Medical Journal Publishing Group</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Amulets ; Bones ; Computed tomography ; Conspiracy ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Egypt, Ancient ; Egyptian civilization ; Embalming ; Eye ; Famous Persons ; Forensic science ; Haplotypes ; History, Ancient ; Homicide - history ; Humans ; Injuries ; Laboratories ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Molecular biology ; Molecular genetics ; Mummies ; Mummies - diagnostic imaging ; Mummies - history ; Mummification ; Museums ; Neck ; Neck Injuries - diagnostic imaging ; Neck Injuries - history ; Radiology ; Ramesses ; Ramses III ; Skin ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vertebrae ; Wound healing ; Wounds, Penetrating - diagnostic imaging ; Wounds, Penetrating - history ; Y chromosomes ; YESTERDAY'S WORLD ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>BMJ (Online), 2012-12, Vol.345 (7888), p.e8268-e8268</ispartof><rights>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2012</rights><rights>Copyright: 2012 © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b3528-37fa16ca130d3c51547b533f4bc0b952b4d7d43510f465a91381bac29bf9eb3f3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttp://bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8268.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttp://bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8268.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>114,115,314,776,780,799,3183,23550,27901,27902,57992,58225,77342,77373</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247979$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hawass, Zahi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ismail, Somaia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Selim, Ashraf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saleem, Sahar N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fathalla, Dina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wasef, Sally</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gad, Ahmed Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saad, Rama</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fares, Suzan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amer, Hany</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gostner, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gad, Yehia Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pusch, Carsten M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zink, Albert R</creatorcontrib><title>Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study</title><title>BMJ (Online)</title><addtitle>BMJ</addtitle><description>Objective To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed.Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circa 1190-1070 BC).Results Computed tomography scans revealed a deep cut in Ramesses III’s throat, probably made by a sharp knife. During the mummification process, a Horus eye amulet was inserted in the wound for healing purposes, and the neck was covered by a collar of thick linen layers. Forensic examination of unknown man E showed compressed skin folds around his neck and a thoracic inflation. Unknown man E also had an unusual mummification procedure. According to genetic analyses, both mummies had identical haplotypes of the Y chromosome and a common male lineage.Conclusions This study suggests that Ramesses III was murdered during the harem conspiracy by the cutting of his throat. Unknown man E is a possible candidate as Ramesses III’s son Pentawere.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Amulets</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Conspiracy</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA Fingerprinting</subject><subject>Egypt, Ancient</subject><subject>Egyptian civilization</subject><subject>Embalming</subject><subject>Eye</subject><subject>Famous Persons</subject><subject>Forensic science</subject><subject>Haplotypes</subject><subject>History, Ancient</subject><subject>Homicide - history</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Molecular biology</subject><subject>Molecular genetics</subject><subject>Mummies</subject><subject>Mummies - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Mummies - history</subject><subject>Mummification</subject><subject>Museums</subject><subject>Neck</subject><subject>Neck Injuries - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Neck Injuries - history</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Ramesses</subject><subject>Ramses III</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Thorax</subject><subject>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</subject><subject>Vertebrae</subject><subject>Wound healing</subject><subject>Wounds, Penetrating - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Wounds, Penetrating - history</subject><subject>Y chromosomes</subject><subject>YESTERDAY'S WORLD</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0959-8138</issn><issn>1756-1833</issn><issn>1756-1833</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kUFrFDEYhoModqk9-AOUgB4qdGoy32SSeJNF7UqpWNSDl5BkMrtZZyZrMlPcf2_WqVUET4E8Dy9v8iL0mJJzSqF-afrtuRNlLe6hBeWsLqgAuI8WRDJZCAriCJ2ktCWElMCFrNlDdFRCWXHJ5QJN1-7GJz_6YY3HjcMbHV2PbRjSzkdt91gPDW6cHjc4tPha9y4ll_BqtXqV0biJYRe6sPZWd2e4DdENydszHHXj_9wfMtZucKO3OI1Ts3-EHrS6S-7k9jxGn9---bS8KC4_vFstX18WBlgpCuCtprXVFEgDllFWccMA2spYYiQrTdXwpgJGSVvVTMv8WGq0LaVppTPQwjE6nXN3MXyfXBpV75N1XacHF6akaFkRISWtRVaf_aNuwxSH3E5RWTEoQdQyWy9my8aQUnSt2kXf67hXlKjDHCrPoX7Nkd2nt4mT6V1zZ_7-_Cw8mYVtGkP8i1cSQFaZFzP3aXQ_7riO31TNgTN19WWp-NXX9_LjhVQk-89n_9Dh_71-AqD7qaY</recordid><startdate>20121214</startdate><enddate>20121214</enddate><creator>Hawass, Zahi</creator><creator>Ismail, Somaia</creator><creator>Selim, Ashraf</creator><creator>Saleem, Sahar N</creator><creator>Fathalla, Dina</creator><creator>Wasef, Sally</creator><creator>Gad, Ahmed Z</creator><creator>Saad, Rama</creator><creator>Fares, Suzan</creator><creator>Amer, Hany</creator><creator>Gostner, Paul</creator><creator>Gad, Yehia Z</creator><creator>Pusch, Carsten M</creator><creator>Zink, Albert R</creator><general>British Medical Journal Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121214</creationdate><title>Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study</title><author>Hawass, Zahi ; Ismail, Somaia ; Selim, Ashraf ; Saleem, Sahar N ; Fathalla, Dina ; Wasef, Sally ; Gad, Ahmed Z ; Saad, Rama ; Fares, Suzan ; Amer, Hany ; Gostner, Paul ; Gad, Yehia Z ; Pusch, Carsten M ; Zink, Albert R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b3528-37fa16ca130d3c51547b533f4bc0b952b4d7d43510f465a91381bac29bf9eb3f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Amulets</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Conspiracy</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>DNA Fingerprinting</topic><topic>Egypt, Ancient</topic><topic>Egyptian civilization</topic><topic>Embalming</topic><topic>Eye</topic><topic>Famous Persons</topic><topic>Forensic science</topic><topic>Haplotypes</topic><topic>History, Ancient</topic><topic>Homicide - history</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Molecular biology</topic><topic>Molecular genetics</topic><topic>Mummies</topic><topic>Mummies - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Mummies - history</topic><topic>Mummification</topic><topic>Museums</topic><topic>Neck</topic><topic>Neck Injuries - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Neck Injuries - history</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Ramesses</topic><topic>Ramses III</topic><topic>Skin</topic><topic>Thorax</topic><topic>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</topic><topic>Vertebrae</topic><topic>Wound healing</topic><topic>Wounds, Penetrating - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Wounds, Penetrating - history</topic><topic>Y chromosomes</topic><topic>YESTERDAY'S WORLD</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hawass, Zahi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ismail, Somaia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Selim, Ashraf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saleem, Sahar N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fathalla, Dina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wasef, Sally</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gad, Ahmed Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saad, Rama</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fares, Suzan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amer, Hany</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gostner, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gad, Yehia Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pusch, Carsten M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zink, Albert R</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>BMJ (Online)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hawass, Zahi</au><au>Ismail, Somaia</au><au>Selim, Ashraf</au><au>Saleem, Sahar N</au><au>Fathalla, Dina</au><au>Wasef, Sally</au><au>Gad, Ahmed Z</au><au>Saad, Rama</au><au>Fares, Suzan</au><au>Amer, Hany</au><au>Gostner, Paul</au><au>Gad, Yehia Z</au><au>Pusch, Carsten M</au><au>Zink, Albert R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study</atitle><jtitle>BMJ (Online)</jtitle><addtitle>BMJ</addtitle><date>2012-12-14</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>345</volume><issue>7888</issue><spage>e8268</spage><epage>e8268</epage><pages>e8268-e8268</pages><issn>0959-8138</issn><issn>1756-1833</issn><eissn>1756-1833</eissn><abstract>Objective To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed.Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circa 1190-1070 BC).Results Computed tomography scans revealed a deep cut in Ramesses III’s throat, probably made by a sharp knife. During the mummification process, a Horus eye amulet was inserted in the wound for healing purposes, and the neck was covered by a collar of thick linen layers. Forensic examination of unknown man E showed compressed skin folds around his neck and a thoracic inflation. Unknown man E also had an unusual mummification procedure. According to genetic analyses, both mummies had identical haplotypes of the Y chromosome and a common male lineage.Conclusions This study suggests that Ramesses III was murdered during the harem conspiracy by the cutting of his throat. Unknown man E is a possible candidate as Ramesses III’s son Pentawere.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>British Medical Journal Publishing Group</pub><pmid>23247979</pmid><doi>10.1136/bmj.e8268</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Amulets Bones Computed tomography Conspiracy Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA Fingerprinting Egypt, Ancient Egyptian civilization Embalming Eye Famous Persons Forensic science Haplotypes History, Ancient Homicide - history Humans Injuries Laboratories Male Medical imaging Molecular biology Molecular genetics Mummies Mummies - diagnostic imaging Mummies - history Mummification Museums Neck Neck Injuries - diagnostic imaging Neck Injuries - history Radiology Ramesses Ramses III Skin Thorax Tomography, X-Ray Computed Vertebrae Wound healing Wounds, Penetrating - diagnostic imaging Wounds, Penetrating - history Y chromosomes YESTERDAY'S WORLD Young Adult |
| title | Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study |
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