Calcium-Independent Inhibition of PCSK9 by Affinity-Improved Variants of the LDL Receptor EGF(A) Domain
LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) receptor (LDLR) binds to its negative regulator proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) through the first EGF (epidermal growth factor‐like) domain [EGF(A)]. The isolated EGF(A) domain is a poor antagonist due to its low affinity for PCSK9. To improve bind...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of molecular biology 2012-10, Vol.422 (5), p.685-696 |
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creator | Zhang, Yingnan Zhou, Lijuan Kong-Beltran, Monica Li, Wei Moran, Paul Wang, Jianyong Quan, Clifford Tom, Jeffrey Kolumam, Ganesh Elliott, J. Michael Skelton, Nicholas J. Peterson, Andrew S. Kirchhofer, Daniel |
description | LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) receptor (LDLR) binds to its negative regulator proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) through the first EGF (epidermal growth factor‐like) domain [EGF(A)]. The isolated EGF(A) domain is a poor antagonist due to its low affinity for PCSK9. To improve binding affinity, we used a phage display approach by randomizing seven PCSK9 contact residues of EGF(A), including the Ca2+-coordinating Asp310. The library was panned in Ca2+-free solution, and 26 unique clones that bind to PCSK9 were identified. Four selected variants demonstrated improved inhibitory activities in a PCSK9–LDLR competition binding ELISA. The Fc fusion protein of variant EGF66 bound to PCSK9 with a Kd value of 71nM versus 935nM of wild type [EGF(A)-Fc] and showed significantly improved potency in inhibiting LDLR degradation in vitro and in vivo. The five mutations in EGF66 could be modeled in the EGF(A) structure without perturbation of the EGF domain fold, and their contribution to affinity improvement could be rationalized. The most intriguing change was the substitution of the Ca2+-coordinating Asp310 by a Lys residue, whose side‐chain amine may have functionally replaced Ca2+. EGF66-Fc and other EGF variants having the Asp310Lys change bound to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent fashion. The findings indicate that randomization of an important Ca2+-chelating residue in conjunction with “selection pressure” applied by Ca2+-free phage selection conditions can yield variants with an alternatively stabilized Ca2+ loop and with increased binding affinities. This approach may provide a new paradigm for the use of diversity libraries to improve affinities of members of the Ca2+-binding EGF domain subfamily.
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► EGF(A) domain of LDLR was engineered using phage display. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants against PCSK9 were generated. ► Fc fusion of EGF(A) variants inhibit LDLR degradation with improved potency. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants bind to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent manner. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.018 |
format | Article |
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[Display omitted]
► EGF(A) domain of LDLR was engineered using phage display. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants against PCSK9 were generated. ► Fc fusion of EGF(A) variants inhibit LDLR degradation with improved potency. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants bind to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent manner.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-2836</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-8638</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.018</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22728257</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>amines ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; bacteriophages ; binding capacity ; calcium ; Calcium - metabolism ; clones ; Competition ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Epidermal growth factor ; epidermal growth factor receptors ; Fusion protein ; Kexin ; Lipoprotein (low density) receptors ; lipoprotein receptors ; Lipoproteins (low density) ; low density lipoprotein ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins - genetics ; Mutant Proteins - metabolism ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; PCSK9 inhibition by EGF(A) domain variants ; Peptide Library ; Phage display ; Proprotein Convertase 9 ; Proprotein Convertases - antagonists & inhibitors ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Receptors, LDL - genetics ; Receptors, LDL - metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Subtilisin</subject><ispartof>Journal of molecular biology, 2012-10, Vol.422 (5), p.685-696</ispartof><rights>2012 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-b7ded9e1bbce84860b7d72f66232def32343b17bb11c4f450e2f3e8e75698f803</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-b7ded9e1bbce84860b7d72f66232def32343b17bb11c4f450e2f3e8e75698f803</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.018$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22728257$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yingnan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Lijuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kong-Beltran, Monica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moran, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Jianyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quan, Clifford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tom, Jeffrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kolumam, Ganesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elliott, J. Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skelton, Nicholas J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Andrew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirchhofer, Daniel</creatorcontrib><title>Calcium-Independent Inhibition of PCSK9 by Affinity-Improved Variants of the LDL Receptor EGF(A) Domain</title><title>Journal of molecular biology</title><addtitle>J Mol Biol</addtitle><description>LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) receptor (LDLR) binds to its negative regulator proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) through the first EGF (epidermal growth factor‐like) domain [EGF(A)]. The isolated EGF(A) domain is a poor antagonist due to its low affinity for PCSK9. To improve binding affinity, we used a phage display approach by randomizing seven PCSK9 contact residues of EGF(A), including the Ca2+-coordinating Asp310. The library was panned in Ca2+-free solution, and 26 unique clones that bind to PCSK9 were identified. Four selected variants demonstrated improved inhibitory activities in a PCSK9–LDLR competition binding ELISA. The Fc fusion protein of variant EGF66 bound to PCSK9 with a Kd value of 71nM versus 935nM of wild type [EGF(A)-Fc] and showed significantly improved potency in inhibiting LDLR degradation in vitro and in vivo. The five mutations in EGF66 could be modeled in the EGF(A) structure without perturbation of the EGF domain fold, and their contribution to affinity improvement could be rationalized. The most intriguing change was the substitution of the Ca2+-coordinating Asp310 by a Lys residue, whose side‐chain amine may have functionally replaced Ca2+. EGF66-Fc and other EGF variants having the Asp310Lys change bound to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent fashion. The findings indicate that randomization of an important Ca2+-chelating residue in conjunction with “selection pressure” applied by Ca2+-free phage selection conditions can yield variants with an alternatively stabilized Ca2+ loop and with increased binding affinities. This approach may provide a new paradigm for the use of diversity libraries to improve affinities of members of the Ca2+-binding EGF domain subfamily.
[Display omitted]
► EGF(A) domain of LDLR was engineered using phage display. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants against PCSK9 were generated. ► Fc fusion of EGF(A) variants inhibit LDLR degradation with improved potency. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants bind to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent manner.</description><subject>amines</subject><subject>Amino Acid Sequence</subject><subject>Amino Acid Substitution</subject><subject>bacteriophages</subject><subject>binding capacity</subject><subject>calcium</subject><subject>Calcium - metabolism</subject><subject>clones</subject><subject>Competition</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Epidermal growth factor</subject><subject>epidermal growth factor receptors</subject><subject>Fusion protein</subject><subject>Kexin</subject><subject>Lipoprotein (low density) receptors</subject><subject>lipoprotein receptors</subject><subject>Lipoproteins (low density)</subject><subject>low density lipoprotein</subject><subject>Models, Molecular</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Mutant Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Mutant Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Mutation, Missense</subject><subject>PCSK9 inhibition by EGF(A) domain variants</subject><subject>Peptide Library</subject><subject>Phage display</subject><subject>Proprotein Convertase 9</subject><subject>Proprotein Convertases - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Protein Binding</subject><subject>Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs</subject><subject>Receptors, LDL - genetics</subject><subject>Receptors, LDL - metabolism</subject><subject>Serine Endopeptidases</subject><subject>Subtilisin</subject><issn>0022-2836</issn><issn>1089-8638</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU1vEzEQhi0EoqHtD-ACPpbDLv5ar1ecovSDiEigfnC1bO-4dZRdB3tTKf8eRykc4TKWxs-8Gs2D0HtKakqo_Lyu14OtGaGsJrImVL1CM0pUVynJ1Ws0I4SxiikuT9C7nNeEkIYL9RadMNYyxZp2hh4XZuPCbqiWYw9bKGWc8HJ8CjZMIY44evxjcfetw3aP596HMUz7ajlsU3yGHv80KZhxygdsegK8ulzhW3CwnWLCVzfXF_NP-DIOJoxn6I03mwznL-8peri-ul98rVbfb5aL-apygpKpsm0PfQfUWgdKKElKo2VeSsZZD54zLrilrbWUOuFFQ4B5DgraRnbKK8JP0cUxt2z4awd50kPIDjYbM0LcZU0Zo1Rwxdj_UcJbpWRHZUHpEXUp5pzA620Kg0n7AumDCr3WRYU-qNBE6qKizHx4id_ZAfq_E39uX4CPR8CbqM1jClk_3JWEpngS5V8U4suRgHKx5wBJZxdgdNCHBG7SfQz_WOA3rvWgUA</recordid><startdate>20121005</startdate><enddate>20121005</enddate><creator>Zhang, Yingnan</creator><creator>Zhou, Lijuan</creator><creator>Kong-Beltran, Monica</creator><creator>Li, Wei</creator><creator>Moran, Paul</creator><creator>Wang, Jianyong</creator><creator>Quan, Clifford</creator><creator>Tom, Jeffrey</creator><creator>Kolumam, Ganesh</creator><creator>Elliott, J. Michael</creator><creator>Skelton, Nicholas J.</creator><creator>Peterson, Andrew S.</creator><creator>Kirchhofer, Daniel</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QP</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121005</creationdate><title>Calcium-Independent Inhibition of PCSK9 by Affinity-Improved Variants of the LDL Receptor EGF(A) Domain</title><author>Zhang, Yingnan ; Zhou, Lijuan ; Kong-Beltran, Monica ; Li, Wei ; Moran, Paul ; Wang, Jianyong ; Quan, Clifford ; Tom, Jeffrey ; Kolumam, Ganesh ; Elliott, J. Michael ; Skelton, Nicholas J. ; Peterson, Andrew S. ; Kirchhofer, Daniel</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-b7ded9e1bbce84860b7d72f66232def32343b17bb11c4f450e2f3e8e75698f803</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>amines</topic><topic>Amino Acid Sequence</topic><topic>Amino Acid Substitution</topic><topic>bacteriophages</topic><topic>binding capacity</topic><topic>calcium</topic><topic>Calcium - metabolism</topic><topic>clones</topic><topic>Competition</topic><topic>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</topic><topic>Epidermal growth factor</topic><topic>epidermal growth factor receptors</topic><topic>Fusion protein</topic><topic>Kexin</topic><topic>Lipoprotein (low density) receptors</topic><topic>lipoprotein receptors</topic><topic>Lipoproteins (low density)</topic><topic>low density lipoprotein</topic><topic>Models, Molecular</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Mutant Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Mutant Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Mutation, Missense</topic><topic>PCSK9 inhibition by EGF(A) domain variants</topic><topic>Peptide Library</topic><topic>Phage display</topic><topic>Proprotein Convertase 9</topic><topic>Proprotein Convertases - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Protein Binding</topic><topic>Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs</topic><topic>Receptors, LDL - genetics</topic><topic>Receptors, LDL - metabolism</topic><topic>Serine Endopeptidases</topic><topic>Subtilisin</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yingnan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Lijuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kong-Beltran, Monica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moran, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Jianyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quan, Clifford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tom, Jeffrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kolumam, Ganesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elliott, J. Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skelton, Nicholas J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Andrew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirchhofer, Daniel</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of molecular biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Yingnan</au><au>Zhou, Lijuan</au><au>Kong-Beltran, Monica</au><au>Li, Wei</au><au>Moran, Paul</au><au>Wang, Jianyong</au><au>Quan, Clifford</au><au>Tom, Jeffrey</au><au>Kolumam, Ganesh</au><au>Elliott, J. Michael</au><au>Skelton, Nicholas J.</au><au>Peterson, Andrew S.</au><au>Kirchhofer, Daniel</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Calcium-Independent Inhibition of PCSK9 by Affinity-Improved Variants of the LDL Receptor EGF(A) Domain</atitle><jtitle>Journal of molecular biology</jtitle><addtitle>J Mol Biol</addtitle><date>2012-10-05</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>422</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>685</spage><epage>696</epage><pages>685-696</pages><issn>0022-2836</issn><eissn>1089-8638</eissn><abstract>LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) receptor (LDLR) binds to its negative regulator proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) through the first EGF (epidermal growth factor‐like) domain [EGF(A)]. The isolated EGF(A) domain is a poor antagonist due to its low affinity for PCSK9. To improve binding affinity, we used a phage display approach by randomizing seven PCSK9 contact residues of EGF(A), including the Ca2+-coordinating Asp310. The library was panned in Ca2+-free solution, and 26 unique clones that bind to PCSK9 were identified. Four selected variants demonstrated improved inhibitory activities in a PCSK9–LDLR competition binding ELISA. The Fc fusion protein of variant EGF66 bound to PCSK9 with a Kd value of 71nM versus 935nM of wild type [EGF(A)-Fc] and showed significantly improved potency in inhibiting LDLR degradation in vitro and in vivo. The five mutations in EGF66 could be modeled in the EGF(A) structure without perturbation of the EGF domain fold, and their contribution to affinity improvement could be rationalized. The most intriguing change was the substitution of the Ca2+-coordinating Asp310 by a Lys residue, whose side‐chain amine may have functionally replaced Ca2+. EGF66-Fc and other EGF variants having the Asp310Lys change bound to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent fashion. The findings indicate that randomization of an important Ca2+-chelating residue in conjunction with “selection pressure” applied by Ca2+-free phage selection conditions can yield variants with an alternatively stabilized Ca2+ loop and with increased binding affinities. This approach may provide a new paradigm for the use of diversity libraries to improve affinities of members of the Ca2+-binding EGF domain subfamily.
[Display omitted]
► EGF(A) domain of LDLR was engineered using phage display. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants against PCSK9 were generated. ► Fc fusion of EGF(A) variants inhibit LDLR degradation with improved potency. ► High‐affinity EGF(A) variants bind to PCSK9 in a Ca2+-independent manner.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>22728257</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.018</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | amines Amino Acid Sequence Amino Acid Substitution bacteriophages binding capacity calcium Calcium - metabolism clones Competition Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Epidermal growth factor epidermal growth factor receptors Fusion protein Kexin Lipoprotein (low density) receptors lipoprotein receptors Lipoproteins (low density) low density lipoprotein Models, Molecular Molecular Sequence Data Mutant Proteins - genetics Mutant Proteins - metabolism Mutation Mutation, Missense PCSK9 inhibition by EGF(A) domain variants Peptide Library Phage display Proprotein Convertase 9 Proprotein Convertases - antagonists & inhibitors Protein Binding Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs Receptors, LDL - genetics Receptors, LDL - metabolism Serine Endopeptidases Subtilisin |
title | Calcium-Independent Inhibition of PCSK9 by Affinity-Improved Variants of the LDL Receptor EGF(A) Domain |
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