Virulence genes of Aeromonas isolates, bacterial endotoxins and cyanobacterial toxins from recreational water samples associated with human health symptoms
Exposure to cyanobacterial water blooms has been associated with various kinds of adverse health effects. In addition to cyanobacteria and their toxins, the bacteria associated with cyanobacteria could also be the etiological agents. We isolated Aeromonas strains (n = 176) from water samples (n = 38...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2011-12, Vol.9 (4), p.670-679 |
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| creator | Berg, Katri A Lyra, Christina Niemi, R Maarit Heens, Benoit Hoppu, Kalle Erkomaa, Kirsti Sivonen, Kaarina Rapala, Jarkko |
| description | Exposure to cyanobacterial water blooms has been associated with various kinds of adverse health effects. In addition to cyanobacteria and their toxins, the bacteria associated with cyanobacteria could also be the etiological agents. We isolated Aeromonas strains (n = 176) from water samples (n = 38) taken from sites where cyanobacteria were suspected to have caused human health symptoms, of which fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common. The isolates were screened by PCR for six virulence gene types (12 genes). The majority (90%) of the strains contained at least one of the virulence genes. Most common amplification products were those of genes (act/aerA/hlyA) that encode cytotoxic enterotoxin and haemolytic products. The genes encoding cytotonic enterotoxins (ast and alt), phospholipase (lip/pla/lipH3/alp-1), elastase (ahyB) and flagellin subunits (flaA/flaB) were also present in 5-37% of the Aeromonas strains. Analysed toxins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins, and bacterial endotoxins) were not detectable or were present in only low concentrations in the majority of the samples. The results indicated that the toxins were unlikely to be the main cause of the reported adverse health effects, whereas more attention should be paid to bacteria associated with cyanobacteria as a source of health effects. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2011.206 |
| format | Article |
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In addition to cyanobacteria and their toxins, the bacteria associated with cyanobacteria could also be the etiological agents. We isolated Aeromonas strains (n = 176) from water samples (n = 38) taken from sites where cyanobacteria were suspected to have caused human health symptoms, of which fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common. The isolates were screened by PCR for six virulence gene types (12 genes). The majority (90%) of the strains contained at least one of the virulence genes. Most common amplification products were those of genes (act/aerA/hlyA) that encode cytotoxic enterotoxin and haemolytic products. The genes encoding cytotonic enterotoxins (ast and alt), phospholipase (lip/pla/lipH3/alp-1), elastase (ahyB) and flagellin subunits (flaA/flaB) were also present in 5-37% of the Aeromonas strains. Analysed toxins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins, and bacterial endotoxins) were not detectable or were present in only low concentrations in the majority of the samples. The results indicated that the toxins were unlikely to be the main cause of the reported adverse health effects, whereas more attention should be paid to bacteria associated with cyanobacteria as a source of health effects.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.206</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22048427</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Aeromonas ; Aeromonas - genetics ; Aeromonas - pathogenicity ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Toxins - chemistry ; Cyanobacteria ; Cytotoxicity ; DNA ; Elastase ; Endotoxins ; Endotoxins - chemistry ; Enterotoxins ; Environmental Monitoring ; Etiology ; Fever ; FlaA protein ; Flagellin ; Gastrointestinal symptoms ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Low concentrations ; Marine Toxins - chemistry ; Microbiological strains ; Microcystins - chemistry ; Neurotoxins ; Nucleotide sequence ; PCR ; Phospholipase ; Phospholipase A ; Plankton blooms ; Recreation ; Recreational waters ; Strains (organisms) ; Symptoms ; Toxins ; Virulence ; Water - chemistry ; Water analysis ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants ; Water sampling</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2011-12, Vol.9 (4), p.670-679</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Dec 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-11eca76c97dd27d674a2218a645d1d631ea0f9a3bb3110e5be7ff7a54ba3af283</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048427$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Berg, Katri A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyra, Christina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niemi, R Maarit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heens, Benoit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoppu, Kalle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Erkomaa, Kirsti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sivonen, Kaarina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rapala, Jarkko</creatorcontrib><title>Virulence genes of Aeromonas isolates, bacterial endotoxins and cyanobacterial toxins from recreational water samples associated with human health symptoms</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>Exposure to cyanobacterial water blooms has been associated with various kinds of adverse health effects. In addition to cyanobacteria and their toxins, the bacteria associated with cyanobacteria could also be the etiological agents. We isolated Aeromonas strains (n = 176) from water samples (n = 38) taken from sites where cyanobacteria were suspected to have caused human health symptoms, of which fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common. The isolates were screened by PCR for six virulence gene types (12 genes). The majority (90%) of the strains contained at least one of the virulence genes. Most common amplification products were those of genes (act/aerA/hlyA) that encode cytotoxic enterotoxin and haemolytic products. The genes encoding cytotonic enterotoxins (ast and alt), phospholipase (lip/pla/lipH3/alp-1), elastase (ahyB) and flagellin subunits (flaA/flaB) were also present in 5-37% of the Aeromonas strains. Analysed toxins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins, and bacterial endotoxins) were not detectable or were present in only low concentrations in the majority of the samples. The results indicated that the toxins were unlikely to be the main cause of the reported adverse health effects, whereas more attention should be paid to bacteria associated with cyanobacteria as a source of health effects.</description><subject>Aeromonas</subject><subject>Aeromonas - genetics</subject><subject>Aeromonas - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacterial Toxins - chemistry</subject><subject>Cyanobacteria</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Elastase</subject><subject>Endotoxins</subject><subject>Endotoxins - chemistry</subject><subject>Enterotoxins</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Etiology</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>FlaA protein</subject><subject>Flagellin</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal symptoms</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Low concentrations</subject><subject>Marine Toxins - 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Analysed toxins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins, and bacterial endotoxins) were not detectable or were present in only low concentrations in the majority of the samples. The results indicated that the toxins were unlikely to be the main cause of the reported adverse health effects, whereas more attention should be paid to bacteria associated with cyanobacteria as a source of health effects.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>IWA Publishing</pub><pmid>22048427</pmid><doi>10.2166/wh.2011.206</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aeromonas Aeromonas - genetics Aeromonas - pathogenicity Bacteria Bacterial Toxins - chemistry Cyanobacteria Cytotoxicity DNA Elastase Endotoxins Endotoxins - chemistry Enterotoxins Environmental Monitoring Etiology Fever FlaA protein Flagellin Gastrointestinal symptoms Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial Genes Health risk assessment Health risks Low concentrations Marine Toxins - chemistry Microbiological strains Microcystins - chemistry Neurotoxins Nucleotide sequence PCR Phospholipase Phospholipase A Plankton blooms Recreation Recreational waters Strains (organisms) Symptoms Toxins Virulence Water - chemistry Water analysis Water Microbiology Water Pollutants Water sampling |
| title | Virulence genes of Aeromonas isolates, bacterial endotoxins and cyanobacterial toxins from recreational water samples associated with human health symptoms |
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