Facies architecture of an isolated long-lived, nested polygenetic silicic tuff ring erupted in a braided river system: The Los Loros volcano, Mendoza, Argentina

Los Loros is a small, well-preserved ~1millionyear old volcanic depression. The circular ~50m deep and ~1km broad crater is inferred to be a complex small-volume volcano; with multiple eruptive phases produced by magmatic and minor phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions in two distinct eruptive episodes and consequently produced two tuff rings separated by fluvial deposits and/or paleosols. Geochemical data, alongside a new age determination, underlies the fact that the volcano is far older than had been expected from its morphology, and its composition represents a bimodal nature with eruptive products belonging to a typical intraplate basalt to phonolite and a crustal influenced intra-continental rhyolitic lineage. Tuff ring 1 erupted into a braided river system that has already accumulated channelised volcaniclastic conglomerates from distal sources. Tuff ring 2 formed in the same place as Tuff ring 1 and produced welded pyroclastic density current deposits, a capping lava flow and a single intermediate block-and-ash flow deposit which all prevented the edifice from erosion. Los Loros is a small-volume volcano, similar to mafic tuff rings, however, its magma compositions, eruption styles, and inter-eruptive breaks suggest, that it closely resembles a volcanic architecture commonly associated with large, composite volcanoes. ► Los Loros is a ~1Ma old small volcano with a 1km wide and 50m deep crater. ► Multiple magmatic and minor phreatomagmatic explosive eruptive phases. ► Two distinct eruptive episodes in a braided river system. ► Diverse magma compositions, eruption styles and eruption breaks of a small volcano.