Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atherosclerosis development in LDLr-KO mice, in spite of displaying a pro-inflammatory profile similar to trans fatty acids
Abstract The development of atherosclerosis and the inflammatory response were investigated in LDLr-KO mice on three high-fat diets (40% energy as fat) for 16 weeks: trans (TRANS), saturated (SAFA) or ω-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats. The following parameters were measured: plasma lipids, aortic root...
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| creator | Machado, Roberta M Nakandakare, Edna R Quintao, Eder C.R Cazita, Patricia M Koike, Marcia K Nunes, Valeria S Ferreira, Fabiana D Afonso, Milessa S Bombo, Renata P.A Machado-Lima, Adriana Soriano, Francisco G Catanozi, Sergio Lottenberg, Ana Maria |
| description | Abstract The development of atherosclerosis and the inflammatory response were investigated in LDLr-KO mice on three high-fat diets (40% energy as fat) for 16 weeks: trans (TRANS), saturated (SAFA) or ω-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats. The following parameters were measured: plasma lipids, aortic root total cholesterol (TC), lesion area (Oil Red-O), ABCA1 content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), collagen content (Picrosirius-red) and co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophage (confocal microscopy) besides the plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and the macrophage inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS). As expected, plasma TC and TG concentrations were lower on the PUFA diet than on TRANS or SAFA diets. Aortic intima macrophage infiltration, ABCA1 content, and lesion area on PUFA group were lower compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. Macrophages and ABCA1 markers did not co-localize in the atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that different cell types were responsible for the ABCA1 expression in plaques. Compared to PUFA, TRANS and SAFA presented higher collagen content and necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaques. In the artery wall, TC was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS group; free cholesterol was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS and SAFA; cholesteryl ester concentration did not vary amongst the groups. Plasma TNF-α concentration on PUFA and TRANS-fed mice was higher compared to SAFA. No difference was observed in IL-6 concentration amongst groups. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, TRANS and PUFA presented higher culture medium concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α as compared to SAFA. The PUFA group showed the lowest amount of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. In conclusion, PUFA intake prevented atherogenesis, even in a pro-inflammatory condition. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.059 |
| format | Article |
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The following parameters were measured: plasma lipids, aortic root total cholesterol (TC), lesion area (Oil Red-O), ABCA1 content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), collagen content (Picrosirius-red) and co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophage (confocal microscopy) besides the plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and the macrophage inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS). As expected, plasma TC and TG concentrations were lower on the PUFA diet than on TRANS or SAFA diets. Aortic intima macrophage infiltration, ABCA1 content, and lesion area on PUFA group were lower compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. Macrophages and ABCA1 markers did not co-localize in the atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that different cell types were responsible for the ABCA1 expression in plaques. Compared to PUFA, TRANS and SAFA presented higher collagen content and necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaques. In the artery wall, TC was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS group; free cholesterol was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS and SAFA; cholesteryl ester concentration did not vary amongst the groups. Plasma TNF-α concentration on PUFA and TRANS-fed mice was higher compared to SAFA. No difference was observed in IL-6 concentration amongst groups. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, TRANS and PUFA presented higher culture medium concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α as compared to SAFA. The PUFA group showed the lowest amount of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. In conclusion, PUFA intake prevented atherogenesis, even in a pro-inflammatory condition.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-9150</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1484</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.059</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22809447</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>ABCA1 ; Animals ; Aorta - metabolism ; atherogenesis ; Atherosclerosis ; Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research) ; Atherosclerosis - metabolism ; Atherosclerosis - pathology ; Atherosclerosis - prevention & control ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - biosynthesis ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood and lymphatic vessels ; blood lipids ; Cardiology. Vascular system ; Cardiovascular ; cholesterol ; Cholesterol - blood ; collagen ; Collagen - metabolism ; culture media ; Diet, High-Fat ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - metabolism ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - therapeutic use ; energy ; Escherichia coli ; Fatty acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 - therapeutic use ; high fat diet ; immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - metabolism ; Inflammation - prevention & control ; interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-10 - metabolism ; interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-6 - metabolism ; lipopolysaccharides ; macrophages ; Macrophages - physiology ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; microscopy ; oils ; omega-6 fatty acids ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; Receptors, LDL - deficiency ; Sarcoidosis. Granulomatous diseases of unproved etiology. Connective tissue diseases. Elastic tissue diseases. Vasculitis ; Saturated fatty acids ; Trans fatty acids ; Trans Fatty Acids - pharmacology ; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism ; Unsaturated fatty acids</subject><ispartof>Atherosclerosis, 2012-09, Vol.224 (1), p.66-74</ispartof><rights>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c619t-6d06f1f97a696fd447a0417764252b1a5c4cda209c6065454200dea12e056f383</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c619t-6d06f1f97a696fd447a0417764252b1a5c4cda209c6065454200dea12e056f383</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915012004340$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26336624$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809447$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Machado, Roberta M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakandakare, Edna R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quintao, Eder C.R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cazita, Patricia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koike, Marcia K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nunes, Valeria S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreira, Fabiana D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Afonso, Milessa S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bombo, Renata P.A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Machado-Lima, Adriana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soriano, Francisco G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Catanozi, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lottenberg, Ana Maria</creatorcontrib><title>Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atherosclerosis development in LDLr-KO mice, in spite of displaying a pro-inflammatory profile similar to trans fatty acids</title><title>Atherosclerosis</title><addtitle>Atherosclerosis</addtitle><description>Abstract The development of atherosclerosis and the inflammatory response were investigated in LDLr-KO mice on three high-fat diets (40% energy as fat) for 16 weeks: trans (TRANS), saturated (SAFA) or ω-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats. The following parameters were measured: plasma lipids, aortic root total cholesterol (TC), lesion area (Oil Red-O), ABCA1 content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), collagen content (Picrosirius-red) and co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophage (confocal microscopy) besides the plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and the macrophage inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS). As expected, plasma TC and TG concentrations were lower on the PUFA diet than on TRANS or SAFA diets. Aortic intima macrophage infiltration, ABCA1 content, and lesion area on PUFA group were lower compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. Macrophages and ABCA1 markers did not co-localize in the atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that different cell types were responsible for the ABCA1 expression in plaques. Compared to PUFA, TRANS and SAFA presented higher collagen content and necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaques. In the artery wall, TC was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS group; free cholesterol was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS and SAFA; cholesteryl ester concentration did not vary amongst the groups. Plasma TNF-α concentration on PUFA and TRANS-fed mice was higher compared to SAFA. No difference was observed in IL-6 concentration amongst groups. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, TRANS and PUFA presented higher culture medium concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α as compared to SAFA. The PUFA group showed the lowest amount of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. In conclusion, PUFA intake prevented atherogenesis, even in a pro-inflammatory condition.</description><subject>ABCA1</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aorta - metabolism</subject><subject>atherogenesis</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research)</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis - metabolism</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis - pathology</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis - prevention & control</subject><subject>ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1</subject><subject>ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood and lymphatic vessels</subject><subject>blood lipids</subject><subject>Cardiology. Vascular system</subject><subject>Cardiovascular</subject><subject>cholesterol</subject><subject>Cholesterol - blood</subject><subject>collagen</subject><subject>Collagen - metabolism</subject><subject>culture media</subject><subject>Diet, High-Fat</subject><subject>Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - metabolism</subject><subject>Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - therapeutic use</subject><subject>energy</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fatty Acids, Omega-6 - therapeutic use</subject><subject>high fat diet</subject><subject>immunohistochemistry</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - metabolism</subject><subject>Inflammation - prevention & control</subject><subject>interleukin-10</subject><subject>Interleukin-10 - metabolism</subject><subject>interleukin-6</subject><subject>Interleukin-6 - metabolism</subject><subject>lipopolysaccharides</subject><subject>macrophages</subject><subject>Macrophages - physiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Knockout</subject><subject>microscopy</subject><subject>oils</subject><subject>omega-6 fatty acids</subject><subject>polyunsaturated fatty acids</subject><subject>Receptors, LDL - deficiency</subject><subject>Sarcoidosis. Granulomatous diseases of unproved etiology. Connective tissue diseases. Elastic tissue diseases. Vasculitis</subject><subject>Saturated fatty acids</subject><subject>Trans fatty acids</subject><subject>Trans Fatty Acids - pharmacology</subject><subject>tumor necrosis factor-alpha</subject><subject>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism</subject><subject>Unsaturated fatty acids</subject><issn>0021-9150</issn><issn>1879-1484</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNks9u1DAQxiMEokvhFcCXShzIYjuOkxxAQgUKYqU9lJ6tqTNevDh_ajuV8kS8Jg67VGhPXGxp8puZL9_nLLtgdM0ok2_3a4g_0A9Bu-W0Yc0p42sq17RsHmUrVldNzkQtHmcrSjnLG1bSs-xZCHtKqahY_TQ747ymjRDVKvu17XAHuSTj4OapDxAnDxFbYiDGmYC2bSCjx3vsIznZTNpUdsPYLd9sTzYfNz7_tiWd1fhmKYTRRiSDIa0No4PZ9jsCadqQ29446DqIg5-XgrEOSbCddeBJHEj00Id_NTzPnhhwAV8c7_Ps5vOn75df8s326uvlh02uJWtiLlsqDTNNBbKRpk2_CFSwqpKCl_yWQamFboHTRksqS1EKTmmLwDjSUpqiLs6z14e5SdTdhCGqzgaNzkGPwxQUo0XJqCj_oO8OqE5uBI9Gjd524OcEqSUrtVcnjqklK0WlSlml_pfHVdNth-1D999wEnBxBCBocCZ5otOMB04WhZRcJO7VgTMwKNj5xNxcp03lEnhdVYvUqwOBybp7i14FbbHX2FqPOqp2sP8t-v3JJO1sb5O8nzhj2A-T71M-iqmQetT18gSXF8iS0aIQtPgN36nc9Q</recordid><startdate>20120901</startdate><enddate>20120901</enddate><creator>Machado, Roberta M</creator><creator>Nakandakare, Edna R</creator><creator>Quintao, Eder C.R</creator><creator>Cazita, Patricia M</creator><creator>Koike, Marcia K</creator><creator>Nunes, Valeria S</creator><creator>Ferreira, Fabiana D</creator><creator>Afonso, Milessa S</creator><creator>Bombo, Renata P.A</creator><creator>Machado-Lima, Adriana</creator><creator>Soriano, Francisco G</creator><creator>Catanozi, Sergio</creator><creator>Lottenberg, Ana Maria</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120901</creationdate><title>Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atherosclerosis development in LDLr-KO mice, in spite of displaying a pro-inflammatory profile similar to trans fatty acids</title><author>Machado, Roberta M ; Nakandakare, Edna R ; Quintao, Eder C.R ; Cazita, Patricia M ; Koike, Marcia K ; Nunes, Valeria S ; Ferreira, Fabiana D ; Afonso, Milessa S ; Bombo, Renata P.A ; Machado-Lima, Adriana ; Soriano, Francisco G ; Catanozi, Sergio ; Lottenberg, Ana Maria</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c619t-6d06f1f97a696fd447a0417764252b1a5c4cda209c6065454200dea12e056f383</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>ABCA1</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Aorta - metabolism</topic><topic>atherogenesis</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research)</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis - metabolism</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis - pathology</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis - prevention & control</topic><topic>ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1</topic><topic>ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood and lymphatic vessels</topic><topic>blood lipids</topic><topic>Cardiology. Vascular system</topic><topic>Cardiovascular</topic><topic>cholesterol</topic><topic>Cholesterol - blood</topic><topic>collagen</topic><topic>Collagen - metabolism</topic><topic>culture media</topic><topic>Diet, High-Fat</topic><topic>Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - metabolism</topic><topic>Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - therapeutic use</topic><topic>energy</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Fatty Acids, Omega-6 - therapeutic use</topic><topic>high fat diet</topic><topic>immunohistochemistry</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - metabolism</topic><topic>Inflammation - prevention & control</topic><topic>interleukin-10</topic><topic>Interleukin-10 - metabolism</topic><topic>interleukin-6</topic><topic>Interleukin-6 - metabolism</topic><topic>lipopolysaccharides</topic><topic>macrophages</topic><topic>Macrophages - physiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Knockout</topic><topic>microscopy</topic><topic>oils</topic><topic>omega-6 fatty acids</topic><topic>polyunsaturated fatty acids</topic><topic>Receptors, LDL - deficiency</topic><topic>Sarcoidosis. Granulomatous diseases of unproved etiology. Connective tissue diseases. Elastic tissue diseases. Vasculitis</topic><topic>Saturated fatty acids</topic><topic>Trans fatty acids</topic><topic>Trans Fatty Acids - pharmacology</topic><topic>tumor necrosis factor-alpha</topic><topic>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism</topic><topic>Unsaturated fatty acids</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Machado, Roberta M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakandakare, Edna R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quintao, Eder C.R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cazita, Patricia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koike, Marcia K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nunes, Valeria S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreira, Fabiana D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Afonso, Milessa S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bombo, Renata P.A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Machado-Lima, Adriana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soriano, Francisco G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Catanozi, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lottenberg, Ana Maria</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Atherosclerosis</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Machado, Roberta M</au><au>Nakandakare, Edna R</au><au>Quintao, Eder C.R</au><au>Cazita, Patricia M</au><au>Koike, Marcia K</au><au>Nunes, Valeria S</au><au>Ferreira, Fabiana D</au><au>Afonso, Milessa S</au><au>Bombo, Renata P.A</au><au>Machado-Lima, Adriana</au><au>Soriano, Francisco G</au><au>Catanozi, Sergio</au><au>Lottenberg, Ana Maria</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atherosclerosis development in LDLr-KO mice, in spite of displaying a pro-inflammatory profile similar to trans fatty acids</atitle><jtitle>Atherosclerosis</jtitle><addtitle>Atherosclerosis</addtitle><date>2012-09-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>224</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>66</spage><epage>74</epage><pages>66-74</pages><issn>0021-9150</issn><eissn>1879-1484</eissn><abstract>Abstract The development of atherosclerosis and the inflammatory response were investigated in LDLr-KO mice on three high-fat diets (40% energy as fat) for 16 weeks: trans (TRANS), saturated (SAFA) or ω-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats. The following parameters were measured: plasma lipids, aortic root total cholesterol (TC), lesion area (Oil Red-O), ABCA1 content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), collagen content (Picrosirius-red) and co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophage (confocal microscopy) besides the plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and the macrophage inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS). As expected, plasma TC and TG concentrations were lower on the PUFA diet than on TRANS or SAFA diets. Aortic intima macrophage infiltration, ABCA1 content, and lesion area on PUFA group were lower compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. Macrophages and ABCA1 markers did not co-localize in the atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that different cell types were responsible for the ABCA1 expression in plaques. Compared to PUFA, TRANS and SAFA presented higher collagen content and necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaques. In the artery wall, TC was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS group; free cholesterol was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS and SAFA; cholesteryl ester concentration did not vary amongst the groups. Plasma TNF-α concentration on PUFA and TRANS-fed mice was higher compared to SAFA. No difference was observed in IL-6 concentration amongst groups. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, TRANS and PUFA presented higher culture medium concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α as compared to SAFA. The PUFA group showed the lowest amount of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. In conclusion, PUFA intake prevented atherogenesis, even in a pro-inflammatory condition.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>22809447</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.059</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Atherosclerosis, 2012-09, Vol.224 (1), p.66-74 |
| issn | 0021-9150 1879-1484 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | ABCA1 Animals Aorta - metabolism atherogenesis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research) Atherosclerosis - metabolism Atherosclerosis - pathology Atherosclerosis - prevention & control ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - biosynthesis Biological and medical sciences Blood and lymphatic vessels blood lipids Cardiology. Vascular system Cardiovascular cholesterol Cholesterol - blood collagen Collagen - metabolism culture media Diet, High-Fat Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - metabolism Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - therapeutic use energy Escherichia coli Fatty acids Fatty Acids, Omega-6 - therapeutic use high fat diet immunohistochemistry Inflammation Inflammation - metabolism Inflammation - prevention & control interleukin-10 Interleukin-10 - metabolism interleukin-6 Interleukin-6 - metabolism lipopolysaccharides macrophages Macrophages - physiology Male Medical sciences Mice Mice, Knockout microscopy oils omega-6 fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids Receptors, LDL - deficiency Sarcoidosis. Granulomatous diseases of unproved etiology. Connective tissue diseases. Elastic tissue diseases. Vasculitis Saturated fatty acids Trans fatty acids Trans Fatty Acids - pharmacology tumor necrosis factor-alpha Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism Unsaturated fatty acids |
| title | Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atherosclerosis development in LDLr-KO mice, in spite of displaying a pro-inflammatory profile similar to trans fatty acids |
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