Cucumber mosaic virus infection of kava ( Piper methysticum ) and implications for cultural control of kava dieback disease

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was found by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) to be not fully systemic in naturally infected kava ( Piper methysticum ) plants in Fiji. Twenty-six of 48 samples (54%) from various tissues of three recently infected plants were CMV-positive compared with 7/51 samples (14%) from three long-term infections (plants affected by dieback for more than 1 year). The virus was also found to have a limited ability to move into newly formed stems. CMV was detected in only 2/23 samples taken from re-growth stems arising from known CMV infected/dieback affected plants. Mechanical inoculation experiments conducted in Fiji indicate that the known kava intercrop plants banana ( Musa spp.), pineapple ( Ananas comosus ), peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and the common weed Mikania micrantha are potential hosts for a dieback-causing strain of CMV. It was not possible to transmit the virus mechanically to the common kava intercrop plants taro ( Colocasia esculenta ), Xanthosoma sp., sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ), yam ( Dioscorea alata ), papaya ( Carica papaya ) or the weed Momordica charantia . Implications of the results of this research on a possible integrated disease management strategy are discussed.