Multiple Factors driving Variability of CO sub(2) Exchange Between the Ocean and Atmosphere in a Tropical Coral Reef Environment

In this paper, we present the results of the first automated continuous multi-year high temporal frequency study of CO sub(2) dynamics in a coastal coral reef ecosystem. The data cover 2.5 years of nearly continuous operation of the CRIMP-CO sub(2) buoy spanning particularly wet and dry seasons in southern Kaneohe Bay, a semi-enclosed tropical coral reef ecosystem in Hawaii. We interpret our observational results in the context of how rapidly changing physical and biogeochemical conditions affect the pCO sub(2) of surface waters and the magnitude and direction of air-sea exchange of CO sub(2). Local climatic forcing strongly affects the biogeochemistry, water column properties, and gas exchange between the ocean and atmosphere in Kaneohe Bay. Rainfall driven by trade winds and other localized storms generates pulses of nutrient-rich water, which exert a strong control on primary productivity and impact carbon cycling in the water column of the bay. The "La Nina" winter of 2005-2006 was one of the wettest winters in Hawaii in 30 years and contrasted sharply with preceding and subsequent drier winter seasons. In addition, short-term variability in physical forcing adds complexity and helps drive the response of the CO sub(2)-carbonic acid system of the bay. Freshwater pulses to Kaneohe Bay provide nutrient subsidies to bay waters, relieving the normal nitrogen limitation of this system and driving phytoplankton productivity. Seawater pCO sub(2) responds to the blooms as well as to physical forcing mechanisms, leading to a relatively wide range of pCO sub(2) in seawater from about 250 to 650 mu atm, depending on conditions. Large drawdowns in pCO sub(2) following storms occasionally cause bay waters to switch from being a source of CO sub(2) to the atmosphere to being a sink. Yet, during our study period, the southern sector of Kaneohe Bay remained a net source of CO sub(2) to the atmosphere on an annualized basis. The integrated net annual flux of CO sub(2) from the bay to the atmosphere varied between years by a factor of more than two and was lower during the wet "La Nina" year, than during the following year. Over the study period, the net annualized flux was 1.80 mol C m super(-2) year super(-1). Our CO sub(2) flux estimates are consistent with prior synoptic work in Kaneohe Bay and with estimates in other tropical coral reef ecosystems studied to date. The high degree of climatological, physical, and biogeochemical variability observed in this study sug