Rheological characterization of human fibrin and fibrin-agarose oral mucosa substitutes generated by tissue engineering

In regenerative medicine, the generation of biocompatible substitutes of tissues by in vitro tissue engineering must fulfil certain requirements. In the case of human oral mucosa, the rheological properties of tissues deserve special attention because of their influence in the acoustics and biomechanics of voice production. This work is devoted to the rheological characterization of substitutes of the connective tissue of the human oral mucosa. Two substitutes, composed of fibrin and fibrin–agarose, were prepared in cell culture for periods in the range 1–21 days. The time evolution of the rheological properties of both substitutes was studied by two different experimental procedures: steady‐state and oscillatory measurements. The former allows the plastic behaviour of the substitutes to be characterized by estimating their yield stress; the latter is employed to quantify their viscoelastic responses by obtaining the elastic (G′) and viscous (G′′) moduli. The results demonstrate that both substitutes are characterized by a predominant elastic response, in which G′ (order 100 Pa) is roughly one order of magnitude larger than G′′ (order 10 Pa). But the most relevant insight is the stability, throughout the 21 days of culture time, of the rheological quantities in the case of fibrin–agarose, whereas the fibrin substitute shows a significant hardening. This result provides evidence that the addition to fibrin of a small amount of agarose allows the rheological stability of the oral mucosa substitute to be maintained. This feature, together with its viscoelastic similitude with native tissues, makes this biomaterial appropriate for potential use as a scaffold in regenerative therapies of human oral mucosa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.