Phase I/II trial of subcutaneous interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interferon‐α in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE • To determine, in a phase I/II trial, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), clinical activity and safety of concurrent subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating f...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | BJU international 2012-01, Vol.109 (1), p.63-69 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 69 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 63 |
| container_title | BJU international |
| container_volume | 109 |
| creator | Garcia, Jorge A. Mekhail, Tarek Elson, Paul Wood, Laura Bukowski, Ronald M. Dreicer, Robert Rini, Brian I. |
| description | Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)
Level of Evidence 2b
OBJECTIVE
• To determine, in a phase I/II trial, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), clinical activity and safety of concurrent subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
• Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) received on a 3+3 trial design escalating doses of s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α.
• Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first 6‐week cycle were used to determine the MTD.
• A phase II trial was then initiated to determine clinical activity.
RESULTS
• A total of sixty patients were enrolled in the study (phase I = 31; phase II = 29).
• Two DLTs were observed (G3 nausea/vomiting and fatigue) and the MTD was determined to be GM‐CSF 5.0 µg/kg/day, IL‐2 9.0 mIU/m2/day and IFN‐α 5.0 mU/m2/day.
• Patients received a median (range) of four (one to 11) cycles of therapy. G3 adverse events were reported in 10 of 31 (32%) patients.
• The overall response rate was 20% (one complete response and 11 partial responses), including patients who were rendered free of disease with surgery.
• The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 6.0 and 23.4 months, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
• Immunotherapy with concurrent s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α is generally well tolerated.
• The overall response rate observed with this combination continues to show the efficacy of immunotherapy in a selected group of metastatic RCC patients. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10011.x |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1020839655</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1020839655</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4321-a4967385cf004a3b1885992ee1968dd6aa1ca20478196a3755e3b7ef7ba7ad803</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkUtuFDEQhi0EIg-4AvIGiQUzsdvu1wYJIgKDIsGCSOysanf1jIdue7DdSmbHEbgHKy7CITgJ7vQkbPHCLv_-qlyqnxDK2ZKndbZdclnIheTsyzJjk8oY58ubB-T4_uHhXczq4oichLBNjCyK_DE5yngmZcH4Mfn5aQMB6epstaLRG-ip62gYGz1GsOjGQI2N6Hscvxr75_uP7CVde7Bj7_Q-YhIG0N7tNrBGql3v7D5pIZph7CEau6Yd6Og8BdvOlTr0bir0-1e6012C0MZAr03c0AEjhJgkTT3a1IvGPm3gtbFugCfkUQd9wKeH85RcXbz9fP5-cfnx3er89eVCS5HxBci6KEWV644xCaLhVZXXdYbI66Jq2wKAa8iYLKskgCjzHEVTYlc2UEJbMXFKXsx1d959GzFENZgwtTJPRHGWsUrURZ4ntJrRNIQQPHZq580Afp8gNVmltmpyQU2OqMkqdWuVukmpzw6_jM2A7X3inTcJeH4AIGjouzR2bcI_Lhcsz5hI3KuZuzY97v-7AfXmw9VtKP4Ce6u3lA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1020839655</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Phase I/II trial of subcutaneous interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interferon‐α in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><creator>Garcia, Jorge A. ; Mekhail, Tarek ; Elson, Paul ; Wood, Laura ; Bukowski, Ronald M. ; Dreicer, Robert ; Rini, Brian I.</creator><creatorcontrib>Garcia, Jorge A. ; Mekhail, Tarek ; Elson, Paul ; Wood, Laura ; Bukowski, Ronald M. ; Dreicer, Robert ; Rini, Brian I.</creatorcontrib><description>Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)
Level of Evidence 2b
OBJECTIVE
• To determine, in a phase I/II trial, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), clinical activity and safety of concurrent subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
• Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) received on a 3+3 trial design escalating doses of s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α.
• Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first 6‐week cycle were used to determine the MTD.
• A phase II trial was then initiated to determine clinical activity.
RESULTS
• A total of sixty patients were enrolled in the study (phase I = 31; phase II = 29).
• Two DLTs were observed (G3 nausea/vomiting and fatigue) and the MTD was determined to be GM‐CSF 5.0 µg/kg/day, IL‐2 9.0 mIU/m2/day and IFN‐α 5.0 mU/m2/day.
• Patients received a median (range) of four (one to 11) cycles of therapy. G3 adverse events were reported in 10 of 31 (32%) patients.
• The overall response rate was 20% (one complete response and 11 partial responses), including patients who were rendered free of disease with surgery.
• The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 6.0 and 23.4 months, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
• Immunotherapy with concurrent s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α is generally well tolerated.
• The overall response rate observed with this combination continues to show the efficacy of immunotherapy in a selected group of metastatic RCC patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1464-4096</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-410X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10011.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21244601</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; alpha -Interferon ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - drug therapy ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - secondary ; Clinical trials ; Disease-Free Survival ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Fatigue ; Female ; Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor - administration & dosage ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors - administration & dosage ; Immunotherapy ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Interferon-alpha - administration & dosage ; interferon‐α2b ; Interleukin 2 ; Interleukin-2 - administration & dosage ; Kidney Neoplasms - drug therapy ; Kidney Neoplasms - mortality ; Kidney Neoplasms - pathology ; Kidneys ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Metastases ; Middle Aged ; Nausea ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases ; phase I ; renal cell carcinoma ; Surgery ; Survival ; Survival Rate - trends ; Toxicity ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumors of the urinary system ; United States - epidemiology ; Vomiting</subject><ispartof>BJU international, 2012-01, Vol.109 (1), p.63-69</ispartof><rights>2010 THE AUTHORS. BJU INTERNATIONAL © 2010 BJU INTERNATIONAL</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2010 THE AUTHORS. BJU INTERNATIONAL © 2010 BJU INTERNATIONAL.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4321-a4967385cf004a3b1885992ee1968dd6aa1ca20478196a3755e3b7ef7ba7ad803</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4321-a4967385cf004a3b1885992ee1968dd6aa1ca20478196a3755e3b7ef7ba7ad803</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2010.10011.x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2010.10011.x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,4024,27923,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25305203$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21244601$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Garcia, Jorge A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mekhail, Tarek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elson, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wood, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bukowski, Ronald M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dreicer, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rini, Brian I.</creatorcontrib><title>Phase I/II trial of subcutaneous interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interferon‐α in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma</title><title>BJU international</title><addtitle>BJU Int</addtitle><description>Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)
Level of Evidence 2b
OBJECTIVE
• To determine, in a phase I/II trial, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), clinical activity and safety of concurrent subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
• Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) received on a 3+3 trial design escalating doses of s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α.
• Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first 6‐week cycle were used to determine the MTD.
• A phase II trial was then initiated to determine clinical activity.
RESULTS
• A total of sixty patients were enrolled in the study (phase I = 31; phase II = 29).
• Two DLTs were observed (G3 nausea/vomiting and fatigue) and the MTD was determined to be GM‐CSF 5.0 µg/kg/day, IL‐2 9.0 mIU/m2/day and IFN‐α 5.0 mU/m2/day.
• Patients received a median (range) of four (one to 11) cycles of therapy. G3 adverse events were reported in 10 of 31 (32%) patients.
• The overall response rate was 20% (one complete response and 11 partial responses), including patients who were rendered free of disease with surgery.
• The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 6.0 and 23.4 months, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
• Immunotherapy with concurrent s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α is generally well tolerated.
• The overall response rate observed with this combination continues to show the efficacy of immunotherapy in a selected group of metastatic RCC patients.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>alpha -Interferon</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Renal Cell - diagnosis</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Renal Cell - drug therapy</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Renal Cell - secondary</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Disease-Free Survival</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Drug Therapy, Combination</subject><subject>Fatigue</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor</subject><subject>Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunologic Factors - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Immunotherapy</subject><subject>Injections, Subcutaneous</subject><subject>Interferon-alpha - administration & dosage</subject><subject>interferon‐α2b</subject><subject>Interleukin 2</subject><subject>Interleukin-2 - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Kidney Neoplasms - drug therapy</subject><subject>Kidney Neoplasms - mortality</subject><subject>Kidney Neoplasms - pathology</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metastases</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nausea</subject><subject>Neoplasm Metastasis</subject><subject>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</subject><subject>phase I</subject><subject>renal cell carcinoma</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Survival Rate - trends</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Tumors of the urinary system</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vomiting</subject><issn>1464-4096</issn><issn>1464-410X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUtuFDEQhi0EIg-4AvIGiQUzsdvu1wYJIgKDIsGCSOysanf1jIdue7DdSmbHEbgHKy7CITgJ7vQkbPHCLv_-qlyqnxDK2ZKndbZdclnIheTsyzJjk8oY58ubB-T4_uHhXczq4oichLBNjCyK_DE5yngmZcH4Mfn5aQMB6epstaLRG-ip62gYGz1GsOjGQI2N6Hscvxr75_uP7CVde7Bj7_Q-YhIG0N7tNrBGql3v7D5pIZph7CEau6Yd6Og8BdvOlTr0bir0-1e6012C0MZAr03c0AEjhJgkTT3a1IvGPm3gtbFugCfkUQd9wKeH85RcXbz9fP5-cfnx3er89eVCS5HxBci6KEWV644xCaLhVZXXdYbI66Jq2wKAa8iYLKskgCjzHEVTYlc2UEJbMXFKXsx1d959GzFENZgwtTJPRHGWsUrURZ4ntJrRNIQQPHZq580Afp8gNVmltmpyQU2OqMkqdWuVukmpzw6_jM2A7X3inTcJeH4AIGjouzR2bcI_Lhcsz5hI3KuZuzY97v-7AfXmw9VtKP4Ce6u3lA</recordid><startdate>201201</startdate><enddate>201201</enddate><creator>Garcia, Jorge A.</creator><creator>Mekhail, Tarek</creator><creator>Elson, Paul</creator><creator>Wood, Laura</creator><creator>Bukowski, Ronald M.</creator><creator>Dreicer, Robert</creator><creator>Rini, Brian I.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>H94</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201201</creationdate><title>Phase I/II trial of subcutaneous interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interferon‐α in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma</title><author>Garcia, Jorge A. ; Mekhail, Tarek ; Elson, Paul ; Wood, Laura ; Bukowski, Ronald M. ; Dreicer, Robert ; Rini, Brian I.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4321-a4967385cf004a3b1885992ee1968dd6aa1ca20478196a3755e3b7ef7ba7ad803</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>alpha -Interferon</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Renal Cell - diagnosis</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Renal Cell - drug therapy</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Renal Cell - secondary</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Disease-Free Survival</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Drug Therapy, Combination</topic><topic>Fatigue</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor</topic><topic>Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunologic Factors - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Immunotherapy</topic><topic>Injections, Subcutaneous</topic><topic>Interferon-alpha - administration & dosage</topic><topic>interferon‐α2b</topic><topic>Interleukin 2</topic><topic>Interleukin-2 - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Kidney Neoplasms - drug therapy</topic><topic>Kidney Neoplasms - mortality</topic><topic>Kidney Neoplasms - pathology</topic><topic>Kidneys</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metastases</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nausea</topic><topic>Neoplasm Metastasis</topic><topic>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</topic><topic>phase I</topic><topic>renal cell carcinoma</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Survival</topic><topic>Survival Rate - trends</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><topic>Tumors of the urinary system</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vomiting</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Garcia, Jorge A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mekhail, Tarek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elson, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wood, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bukowski, Ronald M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dreicer, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rini, Brian I.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><jtitle>BJU international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Garcia, Jorge A.</au><au>Mekhail, Tarek</au><au>Elson, Paul</au><au>Wood, Laura</au><au>Bukowski, Ronald M.</au><au>Dreicer, Robert</au><au>Rini, Brian I.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Phase I/II trial of subcutaneous interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interferon‐α in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma</atitle><jtitle>BJU international</jtitle><addtitle>BJU Int</addtitle><date>2012-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>109</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>63</spage><epage>69</epage><pages>63-69</pages><issn>1464-4096</issn><eissn>1464-410X</eissn><abstract>Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)
Level of Evidence 2b
OBJECTIVE
• To determine, in a phase I/II trial, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), clinical activity and safety of concurrent subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
• Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) received on a 3+3 trial design escalating doses of s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α.
• Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first 6‐week cycle were used to determine the MTD.
• A phase II trial was then initiated to determine clinical activity.
RESULTS
• A total of sixty patients were enrolled in the study (phase I = 31; phase II = 29).
• Two DLTs were observed (G3 nausea/vomiting and fatigue) and the MTD was determined to be GM‐CSF 5.0 µg/kg/day, IL‐2 9.0 mIU/m2/day and IFN‐α 5.0 mU/m2/day.
• Patients received a median (range) of four (one to 11) cycles of therapy. G3 adverse events were reported in 10 of 31 (32%) patients.
• The overall response rate was 20% (one complete response and 11 partial responses), including patients who were rendered free of disease with surgery.
• The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 6.0 and 23.4 months, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
• Immunotherapy with concurrent s.c. GM‐CSF, IL‐2 and IFN‐α is generally well tolerated.
• The overall response rate observed with this combination continues to show the efficacy of immunotherapy in a selected group of metastatic RCC patients.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>21244601</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10011.x</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1464-4096 |
| ispartof | BJU international, 2012-01, Vol.109 (1), p.63-69 |
| issn | 1464-4096 1464-410X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1020839655 |
| source | MEDLINE; Access via Wiley Online Library |
| subjects | Adult Aged alpha -Interferon Biological and medical sciences Carcinoma, Renal Cell - diagnosis Carcinoma, Renal Cell - drug therapy Carcinoma, Renal Cell - secondary Clinical trials Disease-Free Survival Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Therapy, Combination Fatigue Female Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor - administration & dosage Humans Immunologic Factors - administration & dosage Immunotherapy Injections, Subcutaneous Interferon-alpha - administration & dosage interferon‐α2b Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 - administration & dosage Kidney Neoplasms - drug therapy Kidney Neoplasms - mortality Kidney Neoplasms - pathology Kidneys Male Medical sciences Metastases Middle Aged Nausea Neoplasm Metastasis Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases phase I renal cell carcinoma Surgery Survival Survival Rate - trends Toxicity Treatment Outcome Tumors of the urinary system United States - epidemiology Vomiting |
| title | Phase I/II trial of subcutaneous interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interferon‐α in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-27T19%3A46%3A38IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phase%20I/II%20trial%20of%20subcutaneous%20interleukin%E2%80%902,%20granulocyte%E2%80%90macrophage%20colony%E2%80%90stimulating%20factor%20and%20interferon%E2%80%90%CE%B1%20in%20patients%20with%20metastatic%20renal%20cell%20carcinoma&rft.jtitle=BJU%20international&rft.au=Garcia,%20Jorge%20A.&rft.date=2012-01&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=63&rft.epage=69&rft.pages=63-69&rft.issn=1464-4096&rft.eissn=1464-410X&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10011.x&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1020839655%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1020839655&rft_id=info:pmid/21244601&rfr_iscdi=true |